Evaluative standard for the eight-legged essay in the imperial examinations of the Qing Dynasty
Tóm tắt
The eight-legged essay was the dominant portion of the imperial examinations in the Qing Dynasty (Qing Chao 清朝 CE 1644–1911). However, the study on the evaluative standards for the eight-legged essay is often neglected and insufficiently discussed. Based on an investigation of A Complete Collection of Vermillion Examination Essays in the Qing Dynasty, the author of this paper proposes that the four aspects of “purity, truthfulness, refinement and appropriateness” constitute the overall requirements of the examination essay and the four elements of “principle, rules, diction and qi” form the operating standards of the examiners in grading the ranks and quality of the eight-legged essay.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Dai Mingshi 戴名世 (1986). Dai Mingshi ji 戴名世集. Beijing: zhonghua shuju.
Deng Yunxiang 邓云乡 (2004). Qingdai baguwen 清代八股文 The Eight-legged Essay in the Qing Dynasty. Shijiazhuang: Hebei jiaoyu chubanshe.
Fang Bao 方苞. Qinding sishuwen. Fanli Qinding sikuquanshu. 钦定四书文· 凡例. 钦定四库全书 Authorized by His Majesty, General Catalog of the Four Treasures Complete Library.
Gu Tinglong 顾廷龙 (1992). Qingdai Zhujuan Jicheng 清代硃卷集成 A Complete Collection of Vermilion Examination Essays in the Qing Dynasty. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe.
Gu Yanwu 顾炎武 (1994). Rizhilujishi 日知录集释 Records of Everyday Learnings, Vol. 16. Changsha: Yuelu shushe.
He Huaihong 何怀宏 (1998). Xuanju shehui ji qi zhongjie—Qinhan zhi wanqing lishi de yizhong shehuixue chanshi 选举社会及其终结-秦汉至晚清历史的一种社会学阐释 Recruiting System from the Qin and Han Dynasty to the late Qin Dynasty—A Sociological Interpretation. Beijing: sanlian shudian.
Huang Qiang 黄强 (2003). Baguwen de wenxue yaosu 八股文的文学要素 The literary factors of the eight-legged essay. Nanjing gongye daxue xuebao 南京工业大学学报 Journal of University of Technology and Science, (4)
Li Fengyu 李凤宇 (2000). Shiluo de jingjiguan—Yu Pingbo jiazu wenhuashi 失落的荆棘冠—俞平伯家族文化史. Wuhan: Changjiang wenyi chubanshe.
Liu Dakui 刘大櫆 (1998). Lunwen ouji 论文偶记. Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe
Liu Haifeng 刘海峰 (1999). Kejuxue de shiji huigu “科举学”的世纪回顾 A centennial retrospect of the imperial examination system. Xiamen daxue xuebao, (3)
Liu Xizai 刘熙载 (1993). Jingyi gai 经义概. The General Theory of Eight-legged Essay Writing. Shanghai: huadong shifan daxue chubanshe.
Liu Xizai (1993). Jingyi gai 经义概. Nanjing: jiangsu guji chubanshe.
Ni Shiyi 倪士毅 (1986). Zuowen yaojue 作文要诀. Qinding sikuquanshu 钦定四库全书, Vol, 1482. Taibei: Shangwu yinshuguan.
Qi Gong 启功 (1994). Shuo Bagu 说八股. Beijing: zhonghua shuju.
— (1992). Qinding daqing huidian shili 钦定大清会典事例 Authorized Examination Principles of the Qing Dynasty. Taibei: wenhai chubanshe.
— (1965). Sikuquanshu zongmu 四库全书总目 Annotated Catalog of the Imperial Library. Beijing: zhonghua shuju.
Wang Kaifu 王凯符 (2002). Baguwen gaishuo 八股文概说. Beijing: zhonghua shuju.
Wu Guoping, Wang Zhenyuan 邬国平, 王镇远 (1995). Qingdai wenxue pipingshi 清代文学批评史 A History of Literary Criticism of Qing Dynasty. Shanghai: shanghai guji chubanshe.
Yuan Shouding 袁守定 (2000). Shiwen lice 时文蠡测. In: siku wei shou shu jikan 四库?收书辑刊. Beijing: Beijing chubanshe.
Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1985). Sishu jizhu 四书集注 Commentaries on the Four Books. Changsha: Yuelu shushe.