Evaluation of settlement service programs for newcomers in ontario: A geographical perspective
Tóm tắt
This article presents an evaluation of the two largest settlement programs—LINC and ISAP—in the province of Ontario in terms of their geographical distribution and funding allocation and in relation to the settlement patterns of new immigrants. This study found that the current locations of both programs largely match the settlement patterns of newcomers in Ontario. However, in the Toronto CMA, where over 75% of Ontario's newcomers live, settlement services remain concentrated in the historical immigrant reception area of the City of Toronto, although many new immigrant groups settle directly in suburbia. Adoption of the proposed National Allocation Formula for Ontario would reduce the disparities, but a modified model is needed for more equitable allocation of services and resources. This study should have useful policy implications. Because the Canadian government is contemplating new policies that would require future newcomers to move to smaller urban centres or rural towns to reduce overconcentration in large metropolitan areas, equitable provision of settlement services in these centres and towns will become more important.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Agnew, V. (1996). Resisting discrimination: Women from Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, and the women's movement in Canada. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Bai, D.H. (1992). Canadian immigration policy and the voluntary sector: The case of the Edmonton Immigrant Services Association. Human Organization, 51, 23–34.
Barber, G.M. (1988). Elementary statistics for geographers, New York: Guilford.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (1999). Landed immigrant data system (on CD). Ottawa: Author.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (2000). Settlement allocation model (electronic document). Ottawa: Author.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (2001). Programs for newcomers. Available: http:// www.cic.gc.ca/english/newcomer/menu-programs.html
Estable, A. (1986). Immigrant women in Canada: Current issues. Ottawa: Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women.
Frisken, F., & Wallace, M. (2002). The response of the municipal public service sector to the challenge of immigrant settlement. Toronto, ON: CIC-OASIS.
Ihlanfeldt, K.R. (1999). Is the labour market tighter outside the ghetto? Papers in Regional Science, 78, 341–363.
Kaplan, D.H., & Holloway, S.R. (1998). Segregation in cities. Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers.
Kwan, M. (1999). Gender and individual access to urban opportunities: A study using space-time measures. Professional Geographer., 51, 210–227.
Ley, D., & Smith, H. (2000). Relations between deprivation and immigrant groups in large Canadian cities. Urban Studies, 37, 37–62.
Lo, L., & Wang, S. (1997). Settlement patterns of Toronto=s Chinese immigrants: Convergence or divergence? Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 20, 49–72.
Lucy, W. (1981). Equity and planning for local services. Journal of the American Planning Association, 47, 447–457.
McLafferty, S., & Preston, V. (1996). Spatial mismatch and employment in a decade of restructuring. Professional Geographer, 48, 420–431.
Medeiros, J. (1991). Family services for all: Study of family services for ethnocultural and racial communities in Metropolitan Toronto. Toronto, ON: Multicultural Coalition for Access to Family Services.
Murdie, R. (1998). The welfare state, economic restructuring and immigrant flows: Impacts on sociospatial segregation in Greater Toronto. In S. Musterd & W. Ostendorf (Eds.), Urban segregation and the welfare state: Inequality and exclusion in western cities (pp. 64–93). London & New York: Routledge.
Murdie, R., & Teixeira, C. (2000). Towards a comfortable neighbourhood and appropriate housing: Immigrant experience in Toronto (Working Paper #10). Toronto, ON: Joint Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Settlement.
Ontario Administration of Settlement and Integration Services. (2000). Request for proposal-study to compare and analyse settlement patterns of newcomers and how settlement programs are currently organized and funded in Ontario. Toronto, ON: Author.
Ontario Administration of Settlement and Integration Services OASIS. (2001). Service providers lists (electronic document). Toronto, ON: Author.
Owusu, T. (2000). The role of Ghanaian immigrant associations in Toronto, Canada. International Migration Review, 34, 1155–1181.
Peleman, K. (2002). The impact of residential segregation on participation in associations: The case of Moroccan women in Belgium. Urban Studies, 39, 727–747.
Perle, E.D., Bauder, H., & Beckett, N. (2002). Accessibility measures in spatial mismatch models. Professional Geographer, 54, 106–110.
Poulsen, M., Johnston, R., & Forrest, J. (2002). Plural cities and ethnic enclaves: Introducing a measurement procedure, for comparative study. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26, 229–243.
Preston, V., & McLafferty, S. (1999). Spatial mismatch research in the 1990s: Progress and potential. Papers in Regional Science, 78, 387–402.
Ray, B.K. (1994). Immigrant settlement and housing in Metropolitan Toronto. Canadian Geographer, 38, 262–265.
Ray, B.K. (1998). A comparative study of immigrant housing., neighbourhoods and social networks in Toronto and Montreal. Ottawa: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
Ray, B.K. (1999). Plural geographies in Canadian cities: interpreting immigrant residential spaces in Toronto and Montreal. Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 22, 65–86.
Statistics Canada. (1998) 1996 Census, Ottawa: Author.
Talen, E. (1997). The social equity of urban service distribution: an exploration of park access in Pueblo, Colorado, and Macon, Georgia. Urban Geography, 18, 521–541.
Talen, E. (1998). Visualizing fairness: Equity maps for planners. American Planning Association Journal, 64, 22–38.
Talen, E., & Anselin, L. (1998). Assessing, spatial equity: an evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds. Environment and Planning A 30, 595–613.
Taylor, P.J. (1977). Quantitative methods in geography. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Truelove, M. (1993). Measurement of spatial equity. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 11, 19–34.
Truelove, M. (2000). Services for immigrant women: An evaluation of locations. Canadian Geographer, 44, 135–151.
Wang, S., & Lo, L. (2000). Economic impacts of immigrants in the Toronto CMA: A tax-benefit analysis. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 1, 273–304.
Waxman, P. 1998. Service provision and the needs of newly arrived refugees in Sydney, Australia: A descriptive analysis. International Migration Review, 32, 761–777.
Wyly, E.K. (1996). Race, gender and spatial segmentation in the twin cities. Professional Geographer, 48, 431–444.