Evaluation of moist processes during intense precipitation in km-scale NWP models using remote sensing and in-situ data: Impact of microphysics size distribution assumptions

Alvarez, 2009, Improvement of radar precipitation estimates using volume reflectivity data and mesoscale model forecast Chevallier, 2003, Model rain and clouds over ocean: comparison with SSM/I observations, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 1240, 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1240:MRACOO>2.0.CO;2 Cohen, 2006, The sensitivity of simulated convective storms to variations in prescribed single-moment microphysics parameters that describe particle distributions, sizes, and numbers, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 2547, 10.1175/MWR3195.1 Colle, 2005, The 13-14 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 event: Part III. Simulated microphysical budgets and sensitivity analysis, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3535, 10.1175/JAS3552.1 Cotton, 1986, Numerical simulation of the effects of varying ice crystal nucleation rates and aggregation processes on orographic snowfall, J. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1658, 10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<1658:NSOTEO>2.0.CO;2 Cox, 1988, Modelling precipitation in frontal rainbands, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 115, 10.1256/smsqj.47905 Dawson, 2010, Comparison of evaporation and cold pool development between single-moment and multimoment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized simulations of tornadic thunderstorms, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 1152, 10.1175/2009MWR2956.1 Ferrier, 1994, A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme: Part I. Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 249, 10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<0249:ADMMPF>2.0.CO;2 Fu, 1993, Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008, 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2008:POTRPO>2.0.CO;2 Gilmore, 2004, Precipitation uncertainty due to variations in precipitation particle parameters within a simple microphysics scheme, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 2610, 10.1175/MWR2810.1 Goudenhoofdt, 2009, Evaluation of radar-gauge merging methods for quantitative precipitation estimates, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 195, 10.5194/hess-13-195-2009 Groenemeijer, 2007, Sounding-derived parameters associated with large hail and tornadoes in the Netherlands, Atmos. Res., 83, 473, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.08.006 Houze, 1979, Size distributions of precipitation particles in frontal clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 156, 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<0156:SDOPPI>2.0.CO;2 Jiusto, 1971, Fall velocity of snowflakes, J. Appl. Meteorol., 10, 1352, 10.1175/1520-0450(1971)010<1352:FVOS>2.0.CO;2 Kain, 1993, Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: the Kain-Fritsch scheme. The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models, Meteorol. Monogr., 24, 165 Karlsson, 2005, Initial validation of CM-SAF cloud products using MSG/SEVIRI data Khain, 1999, Some effects of cloud-aerosol interaction on cloud microphysics structure and precipitation formation: numerical experiments with a spectral microphysics cloud ensemble model, Atmos. Res., 52, 195, 10.1016/S0169-8095(99)00027-7 Kogan, 1991, The simulation of a convective coud in a 3D model with explicit microphysics: Part I. Model description and sensitivity experiments, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1160, 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1160:TSOACC>2.0.CO;2 Krueger, 1995, Improvements of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 281, 10.1175/1520-0450-34.1.281 Lin, 1983, Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model, J. Climate Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1065, 10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2 Locatelli, 1974, Fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2185, 10.1029/JC079i015p02185 McCumber, 1991, Comparison of ice-phase microphysical parameterization schemes using numerical simulations of tropical convection, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 985, 10.1175/1520-0450-30.7.985 Milbrandt, 2005, A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization: Part II. A proposed three-moment closure and scheme description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3065, 10.1175/JAS3535.1 Morrison, 2009, Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: comparison of one- and two-moment schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 991, 10.1175/2008MWR2556.1 Noilhan, 1989, A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 536, 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0536:ASPOLS>2.0.CO;2 Ovtchinnikov, 2000, An investigation of ice production mechanisms in small cumuliform clouds using a 3D model with explicit microphysics. Part I: Model description, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2989, 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2989:AIOIPM>2.0.CO;2 Reisner, 1998, Explicit forecasting of supercooled liquid water in winter storms using the MM mesoscale model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1071, 10.1002/qj.49712454804 Roebeling, 2006, Cloud property retrievals for climate monitoring: implications of differences between Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on METEOSAT-8 and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on NOAA-17, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20210, 10.1029/2005JD006990 Rutledge, 1983, The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in mid-latitude cyclones: Part VIII. A model for the “seeder-feeder” process in warm-frontal rainbands, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185, 10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1185:TMAMSA>2.0.CO;2 Saunders, 1988, An improved method for detecting clear-sky and cloudy radiances from AVHRR data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 9, 123, 10.1080/01431168808954841 Schröder, 2006, Model predicted low-level cloud parameters: Part II. Comparison with satellite remote sensing observations during the BALTEX Bridge Campaigns, Atmos. Res., 82, 83, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.12.005 Schulz, 2009, Operational climate monitoring from space: the EUMETSAT satellite application facility on climate monitoring (CM-SAF), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1687, 10.5194/acp-9-1687-2009 Seifert, 2006, A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds: Part 2. Maritime vs. continental deep convective storms, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 92, 67, 10.1007/s00703-005-0113-3 Smedsmo, 2005, On the vertical structure of modeled and observed deep convective storms: insights for the precipitation retrieval and microphysical parameterization, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 1866, 10.1175/JAM2306.1 Smith, 1975, Radar reflectivity factor calculations in numerical cloud models using bulk parameterization of precipitation, J. Appl. Meteorol., 14, 1156, 10.1175/1520-0450(1975)014<1156:RRFCIN>2.0.CO;2 Solomon, 2009, Investigation of microphysical parameterizations of snow and ice in Arctic clouds during M-PACE through model-observation comparisons, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3110, 10.1175/2009MWR2688.1 Steiner, 1995, Climatological characterization of three-dimensional storm structure from operational radar and rain gauge data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 1978, 10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<1978:CCOTDS>2.0.CO;2 Sui, 1998, Convective-radiative interaction in simulated diurnal variations of tropical cumulus ensemble, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 637 Sun, 1986, Diffusion model for a convective layer: Part I. Numerical simulation of convective boundary layer, J. Climate Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1445, 10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<1445:DMFACL>2.0.CO;2 Tao, 2003, Microphysics, radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 82, 97, 10.1007/s00703-001-0594-7 Thompson, 2008, Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme: Part II. Implementation of a new snow parameterization, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 5095, 10.1175/2008MWR2387.1 Tong, 2008, Simultaneous estimation of microphysical parameters and atmospheric state with simulated radar data and ensemble square root Kalman filter: Part I. Sensitivity analysis and parameter identifiability, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1630, 10.1175/2007MWR2070.1 Waldvogel, 1974, The N0 jump of raindrop spectra, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1067, 10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1067:TJORS>2.0.CO;2 Wernli, 2008, SAL – a novel quality measure for verification of quantitative precipitation forecasts, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 4470, 10.1175/2008MWR2415.1 Wisner, 1972, A numerical model of a hail-bearing cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1160, 10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1160:ANMOAH>2.0.CO;2 Woods, 2007, The IMPROVE-1 storm of 1–2 February 2001: Part III. Sensitivity of a mesoscale model simulation to the representation of snow particle types and testing of a bulk microphysical scheme with snow habit prediction, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3927, 10.1175/2007JAS2239.1 Xue, 2000, High-order monotonic numerical diffusion and smoothing, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 2853, 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2853:HOMNDA>2.0.CO;2 Xue, 2000, The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) – a multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction model: Part I. Model dynamics and verification, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 75, 161, 10.1007/s007030070003 Xue, 2001, The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) – a multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool: Part II. Model physics and applications, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 76, 143, 10.1007/s007030170027 Yuter, 1995, 3-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus: 1. Spatial-distribution of updrafts, downdrafts and precipitation, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 1941, 10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<1941:TDKAME>2.0.CO;2 Zhang, 2008, Diagnosing the intercept parameter for exponential raindrop size distribution based on video disdrometer observations: model development, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 2983, 10.1175/2008JAMC1876.1 Zhou, 2007, Use of high-resolution satellite observations to evaluate cloud and precipitation statistics from cloud-resolving model simulations: Part I. South China Sea Monsoon Experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 4309, 10.1175/2007JAS2281.1