Evaluation of distributed recharge in an upland semi-arid karst system: the West Bank Mountain Aquifer, Middle East
Tóm tắt
Assessment of recharge in a structurally complex upland karst limestone aquifer situated in a semi-arid environment is difficult. Resort to surrogate indicators such as measurement of spring outflow and borehole discharge, is a common alternative, and attempts to apply conventional soil moisture deficit analysis may not adequately account for the intermittent spate conditions that arise in such environments. A modelling approach has been made using the West Bank Mountain Aquifer system in the Middle East as a trial. The model uses object oriented software which allows various objects to be switched on and off. Each of the main recharge processes identified in the West Bank is incorporated. The model allows either conventional soil moisture deficit analysis calculations or wetting threshold calculations to be made as appropriate, and accommodates both direct recharge and secondary recharge. Daily time steps enable recharge and runoff routing to be calculated for each node. Model runs have enabled a series of simulations for each of the three aquifer basins in the West Bank and for the whole of the West Bank. These provide recharge estimates comparable to those prepared by earlier workers by conventional means. The model is adaptable and has been successfully used in other environments.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Assaf K, Khatib N, Kally E, Shuval H (1993) A proposal for the development of a regional water master plan. Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information, Jerusalem
Ba’ba’ MM (1996) Hydrogeological investigations in the Eastern Basin of the West Bank. MSc Thesis, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands
Bachmat Y (1995) Hydrologic model of the western mountain groundwater basin for Stage 1, Harvard Middle East Water Project. Technical report Institute for Social and Economic Policy in the Middle East, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Bredenkamp DB, Botha LJ, van Tonder GJ, van Rensburg HJ (1995) Manual on estimation of groundwater recharge and aquifer storativity. Pretoria TT 73/95, Report Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa
CDM (Camp Dresser McKee) (1998) Study of the sustainable yield of the Eastern Aquifer Basin: final report. Camp Dresser McKee/Morganti Report for Palestinian Water Authority and US Agency for International Development, PWA, Ramallah
De Vries JJ, Simmers I (2002) Groundwater recharge: an overview of processes and challenges. Hydrogeol J 10(1):5–17
Flint AL, Flint LE, Kwicklis EM, Fabryka-Martin JT, Bodvarsson GS (2002) Estimating recharge at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA: comparison of methods. Hydrogeol J 10(1):180–204
Goldschmidt MJ (1955) Precipitation and runoff from Jordan and Litani catchments. Hydrological Paper 1, Hydrological Service of Israel, Jerusalem
Goldschmidt MJ, Jacobs M (1958) Precipitation and replenishment of the Yarqon and Nahal Hatteninim underground catchments. Hydrological Paper 3, Hydrological Service of Israel, Jerusalem
Guttman Y (1995) The hydrogeology of the Eastern Basin and possibilities for the development of water resources from the Pharaoh Stream to the Judean Desert. Report TAHAL Consulting Engineers 01/95/105, TAHAL, Tel Aviv, Israel
Guttman Y (1998) Annual report-1997: Sub Project B: Hydrogeology of the Eastern Aquifer in the Judea Hills and Jordan Valley. Report TAHAL Consulting Project 02WT9719, for German-Israeli-Jordanian-Palestinian Joint Research Program for the Sustainable Utilization of Aquifer Systems, TAHAL, Tel Aviv, Israel
Guttman Y, Zuckerman CH (1995) Flow model in the Eastern Basin of the Mountains of Judea and Samaria from the Pharoah Stream to the Judean Desert. Report TAHAL Consulting Engineers 01/95/66, TAHAL, Tel Aviv, Israel
Herczeg AL, Leaney FWJ, Stadter MF, Allan GL, Fifield LK (1997) Chemical and isotopic indicators of point-source recharge to a karstic aquifer, South Australia. J Hydrol 192(1–4):271–299
Hoetzl H (1995) Groundwater recharge in an arid karst area (Saudi Arabia). IAHS Publ 232:195–207
Hughes AG, Mansour MM, Robins NS, Peach DW (2006) Numerical modeling of runoff recharge in a catchment in the West Bank. In: MODFLOW and More 2006: Managing Ground-Water Systems, Conference Proceedings, vol 1, Golden, CO, May 2006, pp 385–389
Hydrological Service of Israel (2003) Hydrological yearbook of Israel 1999/2000. ISSN 0073–4217, Hydrological Service of Israel, Jerusalem
Jackson CR, Hughes AG, Ó Dochartaigh BÉ, Robins NS, Peach DW (2005) Numerical testing of conceptual models of groundwater flow: a case study using the Dumfries Basin Aquifer. Scott J Geol 41(1):51–60
Kilsby CG, Burton A, Moaven-Hashemi A, Tasin A, O’Connell PE (2005) Stochastic space-time modelling of West Bank rainfall for present and future climates. Report 42, SUSMAQ, Palestinian Water Authority, Ramallah, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
Lange J, Greenbaum N, Husary S, Ghanem M, Leibundgut C, Schick AP (2003) Runoff generation from successive simulated rainfalls on a rocky, semi-arid, Mediterranean hillslope. Hydrol Process 17:279–296
Leduc C, Bromley J, Schroeter P (1997) Water table fluctuation and recharge in semi-arid climate: some results of the HAPEX-Sahel hydrodynamic survey (Niger). J Hydrol 189(1–4):123–138
Lerner DN, Issar AS, Simmers I (1990) Groundwater recharge: a guide to understanding and estimating natural recharge. International Association of Hydrogeologists, International Contributions to Hydrogeology 8, IAH, Wallingford, UK
Lewis MF, Walker GR (2002) Assessing the potential for significant and episodic recharge in southwestern Australia using rainfall data. Hydrogeol J 10(1):229–237
MNIWC (1999) Development of utilization and status of water resources in Israel until Fall 1998. Ministry of Natural Infrastructures Water Commission Hydrological Service, Jerusalem
Penman HL (1948) Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A 193:120–145
PWA (Palestinian Water Authority) (2004) Hydrogeological map of the West Bank, 1: 250 000 scale. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, for Palestinian Water Authority, Ramallah
Rofe and Raffety (1965) West Bank hydrology 1963–1965: analysis. Report Central Water Authority, Amman, Jordan
Sanford W (2002) Recharge and groundwater models: an overview. Hydrogeol J 10(1):110–120
Scanlon BR, Tyler SW, Wierenga PJ (1997) Hydrologic issues in arid, unsaturated systems and implications for contaminant transport. Rev Geophys 35(4):461–490
Simmers I, Hendickx JMH, Kruseman GP, Rushton KR (1997) Recharge of phreatic aquifers in (semi-) arid areas. International Association of Hydrogeologists, International Contributions to Hydrogeology 19, IAH, Wallingford, UK
Spink AEF, Jackson CR, Hughes AG, Hulme PJ (2003) The benefits of object-oriented modeling demonstrated through the development of a regional groundwater model. MODFLOW and More 2003: Understanding through Modeling, Conference Proceedings, Golden, CO, September 2003, pp 336–340
Spink AEF, Hughes AG, Jackson CR, Mansour MM (2006) Object-oriented design in groundwater modelling. MODFLOW and More 2006: Managing Ground-Water Systems, Conference proceedings, Golden, CO, May 2006
Stuart ME, Gooddy DC, G. Hughes AG, Jackson CR (2006) A field and modelling study to determine pesticide occurrence in a public water supply in Northern England, UK. Ground Water Monitor Rem 26(4):128–136
Wood WW, Rainwater KA, Thompson DB (1997) Quantifying macropore recharge: examples from a semi-arid area. Ground Water 35(6):1097–1106