Evaluation of conservation status of Lactoris fernandeziana Philippi (Lactoridaceae) in Chile

Biodiversity and Conservation - Tập 10 - Trang 2129-2138 - 2001
Marcia Ricci1
1Jardín Botánico Nacional, Viña del Mar, Chile

Tóm tắt

The Juan Fernández Archipelago is located 667 km (about 360 nautical miles) west of central Chile (33° S). It is composed of three islands: Robinson Crusoe, Santa Clara and Alejandro Selkirk. Since its discovery in 1574, the islands have been exposed to strong anthropogenic disturbance as a product of colonization. The vascular flora presents a high degree of endemism. Among the Magnoliophyta, 68% of the species are endemic, 15% of the genera and the monotypic family, Lactoridaceae, has only one species, Lactoris fernandeziana, Phil., which is found exclusively on Robinson Crusoe island. This species is a shrub which has been catalogued as extremely rare. More than 960 individuals of Lactoris fernandeziana, over 30 cm in height, were found in 14 localities. The height structure of the individuals suggests a species in recovery. In germination tests under experimental conditions the species shows a light requirement; seedling establishment was difficult and all individuals died within six months. Results are discussed in the light of the conservation measures undertaken by the administration of the Juan Fernández Archipelago National Park. Further studies on the population dynamics and the genetic structure of L. fernandeziana are needed to assure its conservation.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Augspurger CK (1984) Light requirements of neotropical tree seedlings: a comparative study of growth and survival. Journal of Ecology 72: 777–795 Baker HG and Cox PA (1984) Further thoughts on dioecism and islands. Annales Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 244–253 Baskin JM and Baskin CC (1992) Role of temperature and light in the germination ecology of buried seeds of weedy species of disturbed forests. I. Lobelia inflata. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 589–592 Bentham G and Hooker J (1883) Genera Plantarum. Vol III. L. Reeve & Co., London Bernardello G, Anderson GJ, López P, Cleland MA, Stuessy TF and Crawford DJ (1999) Reproductive biology of Lactoris fernandeziana (Lactoridaceae). Journal of Botany 86(6): 829–840 Bertero C (1830) Notice sur l'Histoire Naturelle de l'île Juan Fernández. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Vol. XXI, 344 Burger, WC (1977) The Piperales and the monocots. Alternate hypotheses for the origin of monocotyledonous flowers. Botanical Review 43: 345–393 Carlquist S (1964) Morphology and relationships of Lactoridaceae. Aliso 5: 421–435 Carlquist S (1974) Island Biology. Columbia University Press, New York, London Carlquist S (1990) Wood anatomy and relationships of Lactoridaceae. American Journal of Botany 77: 1498–1505 Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF) (1976) Plan de Manejo del Parque Nacional Archipiélago de juan Fernández, Chile. Documento Interno Cox PA (1985) Islands and dioecism: insights from the reproductive ecology of Pandanus tectorius in Polynesia. In:White J (ed) Studies on Plant Demography: A Festchrift for John L. Harper, pp 359–372. Academic Press, London/Orlando, Florida Crawford DJ, Stuessy TF and Silva M (1986) Leaf flavonoid chemistry and the relationships of the Lactoridaceae. Plant Systematic and Evolution 153: 133–139 Crawford DJ, Stuessy TF, Cosner MB, Haines DW, Wiens D and Peñailillo P (1994) Lactoris fernandeziana on the Juan Fernández Islands: allozyme uniformity and field observations. Conservation Biology 8(1): 277–280 Cronquist A (1981) An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New York Dahlgren R (1983) General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics. Nordic Journal of Botany 3: 119–149 Donoghue MJ and Doyle JA (1989) Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms and relationships of Hamamelidae. In: Crane PR and Blackmore S (eds) Evolution, Systematics and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae, Vol 1, Introduction an ‘lower’ Hamamelidae, pp 17–45. Clarendon Press, Oxford Engler A (1886) Ñber Familien der Lactoridaceae. Botan. Jahrb 8: 53–56 Fenner M (1980) Germination tests on thirty-two East African weed species. Weed Research 20: 135–138 Fenner M (1985) Seed Ecology. Chapman & Hall, London, New York Grime JP (1979) Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester Haberle S (1997) A study of human impact on vegetation of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, remote Chilean oceanic islands. A report on preliminary results from fieldwork in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, 1996–1997. Manuscript. Harper JL (1977) Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, London Harvey HJ (1985) Population biology and the conservation of rare species. In: White J (ed) Studies on Plant Demography: A Festschrift for John L. Harper, pp 111–123. Academic Press, London/Orlando, Florida Hoffmann A and Marticorena C (1987) La vegetación de las islas oceánicas chilenas. In: Castilla JC (ed) Islas oceánicas Chilenas: conocimiento científico y necesidades de investigación, pp 127–165. Ediciones de la Universidad Católica de Chile Howe HF and Westley LC (1986) Ecology of pollination and seed dispersal. In: Crawley MJ (ed) Plant Ecology, pp 185–215. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales-Corporación de Fomento de la Producción, Chile (1982) Estudios de los recursos físicos del Archipiélago de Juan Fernández. Informe Final Johow F (1896) Estudios sobre la flora de las islas de Juan Fernández. Imprenta Cervantes, Santiago de Chile, Chile Kunkel G (1956) Ñber den waldtypus de Robinson-Insel. Forschn. Fortschr. 30: 129–137 Lammers TG, Stuessy TF and Silva MO (1986) Systematic relationships of the Lactoridaceae, an endemic family of the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile. Plant Systematics and Evolution 152: 243–266 Lloyd DG (1984) Gender allocations in out crossing cosexual plants. In: Dirzo R and Sarukhán J (eds) Perspectives on Plant Population Ecology, pp 277–300. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts Mann G (1981) Informe sobre el estado actual del plan de manejo del parque nacional Archipiélago de Juan Fernández. Documento Interno CONAF, Santiago de Chile, Chile Marticorena C, Stuessy TF and Baeza M (1998) Catálago de la flora vascular del Archipiélago de Juan Fernádez, Chile. Gayana Botánica 55: 187–211 Maynard-Smith J (1978) The Evolution of Sex. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Meagher TR and Antonovics JJ (1982) Life history variation in dioecious plant populations: a case study of Chamaelirium luteum. In: Dingle H and Hegmann JP (eds) Evolution and Genetics of Life Histories, Springer-Verlag, New York/Heidelberg/Berlin Meeuse ADJ (1971) Interpretative gynoecial morphology of the Lactoridaceae and the Winteraceae-a re-assessment. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 20: 221–238 Meyer F (1966) Chile-United States botanical expedition to Juan Fernández Islands, 1965. Antarctic Journal 1: 238–242 Ministerio De Bienes Nacionales, Chile (1997) Ord. No 3517 (28 Octubre 1997). Informa superficies. Documento Oficial Muñoz-Pizarro C (1969) El Archipiélago de Juan Fernández y la conservación de sus recursos naturales renovables. Boletín de la Academia de Cienias, Instituto de Chile 1: 83–98 Perry R (1984) Juan Fernández Island: a unique botanic heritage. Environmental Conservation 11: 67–71 Philippi R (1865) Lactoris fernandeziana i Argilia ensifolia. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 624–636 Real L (ed) (1983) Pollination Biology. Academic Press, New York Ricci M (1989) Programa de conservación y recuperación de plantas amenazadas de Juan Fernández. Informe Final, 1a etapa, Proyecto CONAF-WWF-3313, Chile, 42 pp Ricci M (1990) Programa de conservación y recuperación de plantas amenazadas de Juan Fernández. Informe Final, 2a etapa, Proyecto CONAF-WWF-3313, Chile, 42 pp Ricci M (1992) Programa de conservación y recuperación de plantas amenazadas de Juan Fernández. Informe Final, 3a etapa, Proyecto CONAF-WWF-3313, Chile, 45 pp Sanders RW, Stuessy TF and Marticorena C (1982) Recent changes in the flora of the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile. Taxon 31: 284–289 Silvertown JW and Dickie JB (1981) Seedling survivorship in natural populations of nine perennial chalk grassland plants. New Phytologist 88: 555–558 Skottsberg C (1922) The Phanerogams of the Juan Fernández Islands. In: Skottsberg C (ed) The Natural History of Juan Fernández and Easter Island. Vol II. Botany. Almquist and Wiksells, Uppsala, Sweden Skottsberg C (1953) The vegetation of the Juan Fernández Islands. In: Skottsberg C (ed) The Natural History of Juan Fernández and Easter Island. Vol II. Botany. Almquist and Wiksells, Uppsala, Sweden Sparre B (1973) Plants from Robinson Crusoe's Island. Taxon 22: 171 Stuessy TF, Foland KA, Sutter JF, Sanders RW and Silva OM (1984) Botanical and geological significance of potassium-argon dates from the Juan Fernández. Science 225: 49–51 Stuessy TF, Crawford DJ, Anderson GJ and Jensen RJ (1998) Systematics, biogeography and conservation of Lactoridaceae. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 1(2): 267–290 Takhtajan A (1980) Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). Botanical Review 46: 225–359 Thorne RF (1983) Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms. Nordic Journal of Botany 3: 85–117 Vicuña Mackenna B (1883) Juan Fernández, historia verdadera de la isla de Robinson Crusoe. Imprenta Cervantes, Santiago de Chile, Chile Walker JW (1976) Comparative pollen morphology and phylogeny of the ranalean complex. In: Beck CB (ed) Origin and Early Evolution of Angiosperms. Columbia University Press, New York Walker JW and Walker AG (1984) Ultrastructure of lower cretaceous angiosperm pollen and the origin of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 62: 801–824 Wiens D (1984) Ovule survivorship, brood size, life history, breeding systems and reproductive success in plants. Oecologia 64: 47–53 Willson MF (1983) Plant Reproductive Ecology. Wiley, New York Willson MF (1984) Mating patterns in plants. In: Dirzo R and Sarukhán J (eds) Perspectives on Plant Population Ecology, pp 261–276. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts Zavada MS and Benson JM (1987) First fossil evidence for the primitive angiosperm family Lactoridaceae. American Journal of Botany 74: 1590–1594