Evaluating taxonomic homogenization of freshwater fish assemblages in Chile
Tóm tắt
Pervasive introductions of non-native taxa are behind processes of homogenization of various types affecting the global flora and fauna. Chile’s freshwater ecosystems encompass a diverse and highly endemic fish fauna that might be sensitive to the introduction of non-native species, an ongoing process that started two centuries ago, but has to date received little attention. Using historical (native) and present-day (native and non-native) presence-absence data sets of compositional similarity, our goal was twofold: (1) evaluate patterns of taxonomic homogenization at various spatial scales and (2) identify clusters of widely versus narrowly distributed species to assess their relative role in compositional changes. We expect that non-native species with wide distributions might have a larger influence in taxonomic homogenization than those with narrow distributions. Chile’s fish assemblages have become increasingly homogenized during the last two centuries when evaluating changes in compositional similarity among 201 watersheds (65.3 % of total comparisons showed homogenization) distributed among six defined biotic units. Taxonomic differentiation was significantly more prevalent than taxonomic homogenization within biotic units. Among biotic units, comparisons between historical and current compositional similarity were all significantly different. We identified one cluster of non-native fishes that were distributed across the entire five or six biotic units. This cluster included Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as the two most representative species. A second cluster we identified included fishes such that on average spanned only one or two biotic units. We provide first evidence for an ongoing and large-scale process of taxonomic homogenization among Chile’s watersheds occurring at various scales. Our findings provide taxonomic and biogeographic baseline information for management plans and courses of action for conservation of native fishes, many of which are endemic. We also discuss management guidelines of non-native fishes in Chile. Baseline information of both native and non-native fish taxa might be applicable to other isolated regions elsewhere.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alcaraz C, Vila-Gispert A, García-Berthou E (2005) Profiling invasive fish species: the importance of phylogeny and human use. Divers Distrib 11:289–298
Alò D, Correa C, Arias C, Cárdenas L (2013) Diversity of Aplochiton fishes (Galaxiidea) and the Taxonomic Resurrection of A. marinus. PLoS One 8:e71577
Arismendi I, Nahuelhual L (2007) Non-native salmon and trout recreational fishing in Lake Llanquihue, Southern Chile: economic benefits and management implications. Rev Fish Sci 15:311–325
Arismendi I, Soto D, Penaluna B, Jara C, Leal C, León-Muñoz J (2009) Aquaculture, non-native salmonid invasions, and associated declines of native fishes in lakes of the northern Chilean Patagonia. Freshw Biol 54:1135–1147
Arismendi I, González J, Soto D, Penaluna B (2012) Piscivory and diet overlap between two non-native fishes in southern Chile. Austral Ecology 37:346–354
Arismendi I, Penaluna BE, Dunham JB, García De Leaniz C, Soto D et al (2014) Differential invasion success of introduced salmonids in Southern Chile: patterns and hypotheses. Rev Fish Biol Fish 24:919–941
Arratia G (1978) Comentarios sobre la introducción de peces exóticos en aguas continentales de Chile. Ciencias Forestales 1:21–30
Arratia G (1997) Brazilian and austral inland fish faunas of Southern America. In: Ulrich H (ed) A contrast. Tropical biodiversity and systematic. Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, pp 179–187
Arratia G (2002) La importancia de algunos peces Chilenos en el contexto evolutivo. Anales Academia de Ciencias 7:71–84
Arratia G, Rojas G, Chang A (1981) Géneros de peces de aguas continentales de Chile. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Santiago de Chile. Publicación Ocasional 34:3–118
Baiser B, Record S, Olden JD, Lockwood JL, Mckinney ML (2012) Pattern and process of biotic homogenization in the New Pangaea. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 279:4772–4777
Baselga A (2010) Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components on beta diversity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 19:134–143
Basulto S (2003) El Largo Viaje de los Salmones: Una Crónica Olvidada, Propagación y Cultivo de especies Acuáticas en Chile. Editorial Maval Ltda, Santiago
Buschmann AH, Cabello F, Young K, Carvajal J, Varela DA, Henríquez L (2009) Salmon aquaculture and coastal ecosystem health in Chile: analysis of regulations, environmental impacts and bioremediation systems. Ocean Coast Manag 52:243–249
Carvalho JC, Cardoso P, Gomes P (2012) Determining the relative roles of species replacement and species richness differences in generating beta-diversity patterns. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21:760–771
Clarke K (1993) Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. Aust J Ecol 18:117–143
Clavero M, García-Berthou E (2006) Homogenization dynamics and introduction routes of invasive freshwater fish in the Iberian Peninsula. Ecol Appl 16:2313–2324
Correa C, Hendry AP (2012) Invasive salmonids and lake order interact in the decline of puye grande Galaxias platei in western Patagonia lakes. Ecol Appl 22:828–842
Crawford SS, Muir AM (2008) Global introductions of salmon and trout in the genus Oncorhynchus: 1870–2007. Reviews on fish Biology and Fisheries 18:313–344
De Los Ríos PR (2010) Freshwater ecosystems in oceanic islands of Chile: Conservation of endemic microfauna and the role of introduced species in the biological control of tropical diseases. Rev Chil Hist Nat 83:549–460
Dudgeon D, Arthington AH, Gessner MO, Kawabata ZI, Knowler C et al (2006) Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biol Rev 81:163–182
Dyer B (2000a) Systematic review and biogeography of the freshwater fishes of Chile. Estudios Oceanológicos 19:77–98
Dyer B (2000b) Revisión sistemática de los pejerreyes de Chile (Teleostei, Atheriniformes). Estudios Oceanológicos 19:99–127
Gajardo G, Laikre L (2003) Chilean aquaculture boom is based on introduced salmon resources: a conservation paradox. Conserv Biol 17:1173–1174
Habit E, Dyer B, Vila I (2006a) Estado de conocimiento de los peces dulceacuícolas de Chile. Gayana 70:100–113
Habit E, Belk MC, Tuckfield RC, Parra O (2006b) Response of fish community to human-induced changes in the Bio-bio river in Chile. Freshwater Biology 51:1–11
Habit E, Piedra P, Ruzzante DE, Walde SJ, Belk MC et al (2010) Changes in the distribution of native fishes in response to introduced species and other anthropogenic effects. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 19:697–710
Habit E, Gonzalez J, Ruzzante DE, Walde SJ (2012) Native and introduced fish species richness in Chilean Patagonian lakes: inferences on invasion mechanisms using salmonid-free lakes. Divers Distrib 18:1153–1165
Handl J, Knowles J, Kell DB (2005) Computational cluster validation in post-genomic data analysis. Bioinformatics 21:3201–3212
Hayes KR, Barry SC (2008) Are there any consistent predictors of invasion success? Biol Invasions 10:483–506
Hopper DV, Adair EC, Cardinale BJ, Byrnes JEK, Hungate BA et al (2012) A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature 486:105–108
Ibarra J, Habit E, Barra B, Solís K (2011) Juveniles de salmón Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum, 1792) en ríos y lagos de la Patagonia Chilena. Gayana 75:17–25
Iriarte JA, Lobos GA, Jaksic FM (2005) Invasive vertebrate species in Chile and their control and monitoring by government agencies. Rev Chil Hist Nat 78:143–154
Johnson PTJ, Olden J, Vander Zanden MJ (2008) Dam invaders: impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters. Front Ecol Environ 6:357–363
Kitano S (2004) Ecological impacts of rainbow, brown and brook trout in Japanese inland waters. Global Environ Res 8:41–50
Leprieur F, Beauchard O, Hugueny B, Grenouillet G, Brosse S (2008) Null model of-biotic homogenization: a test with the European freshwater fish fauna. Divers Distrib 14:291–300
Mack R, Simberloff D, Lonsdale WM, Evans H, Clout M et al (2000) Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol Appl 10:689–710
Marchetti M, Light T, Feliciano J, Armstrong T, Hogan Z et al (2001) Homogenization of California’s fish fauna through abiotic change. In: Lockwood JL, Mckinney ML (eds) Biotic homogenization. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 33–56
Marr SM, Marchetti MP, Olden JD, García-Berthou E, Morgan DL et al (2010) Freshwater fish introductions in Mediterranean-climate regions: are there commonalities in the conservation problem? Divers Distrib 16:606–619
Marr SM, Olden JD, Leprieur F, Arismendi I, Caleta M et al (2013) A global assessment of freshwater fish introductions in Mediterranean-climate regions. Hydrobiologia. doi:10.1007/s10750-013-1486-9
Martin P, Canham C, Marks PL (2009) Why forests appear resistant to exotic plant invasions: intentional introductions, stand dynamics, and the role of shade tolerance. Front Ecol Environ 7:142–149
McKinney M (2004) Do exotics homogenize or differentiate communities? Roles of sampling and exotic species richness. Biol Invasions 6:495–504
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PL et al. (2011) vegan 2.0-2: Community Ecology Package. URL http://vegan.r-forge.r-project.org/. (accessed September 14, 2015 )
Olden JD (2006) Biotic homogenization: a new research agenda for conservation biogeography. J Biogeogr 33:2027–2039
Olden JD, Poff NL (2004) Ecological processes driving biotic homogenization: testing a mechanistic model using fish faunas. Ecology 85:1867–187
Olden JD, Rooney TP (2006) On defining and quantifying biotic homogenization. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 15:113–120
Olden JD, Poff NL, Douglas MR, Douglas ME, Fausch KD (2004) Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization. Trends Ecol Evol 19:18–24
Olden JD, Poff NL, Bestgen KR (2006) Life history strategies predict fish invasions and extirpation in the Colorado River Basin. Ecol Monogr 76:25–40
Olden JD, Kennard MJ, Pusey JB (2008) Species invasions and the changing biogeography of Australian freshwater fishes. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 17:25–37
Parra O, Valdovinos C, Urrutia R, Cisternas M, Habit E et al (2003) Caracterización y tendencias tróficas de cinco lagos costeros de Chile. Limnética 22:51–83
Pauchard A, Cavieres LA, Bustamante RO (2004) Comparing alien plant invasions among regions with similar climates. Where to from here? Divers Distrib 10:371–375
Penaluna B, Arismendi I, Soto D (2009) Evidence of interactive segregation between introduced trout and native fishes in northern Patagonian Rivers, Chile. Trans Am Fish Soc 138:839–884
Pool TK, Olden JD (2012) Taxonomic and functional homogenization of an endemic desert fish fauna. Divers Distrib 18:366–376
Quezada-Romegialli C, Vila I, Véliz D (2009) A new invasive freshwater fish species in Central Chile: Jenynsia Multidentata (Jenyns, 1842) (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae). Gayana 73:233–236
Quezada-Romegialli C, Fuentes M, Véliz D (2010) Comparative population genetics of Basilichthys microlepidotus (Atheriniformes, Atherinopsidae) and Tichomycterus areolatus (Siluriformes, Trucomychteridae) in north central Chile. Environ Biol Fish 89:173–186
R Development Core Team (2015) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, URL http://www-r-project.org/. (accessed December 14, 2015)
Rahel FJ (2000) Homogenization of fish faunas across the United States. Science 288:854–856
Rooney TP, Wiegmann SM, Rogers DA, Waller DM (2004) Biotic impoverishment and homogenization in unfragmented forest understory communities. Conserv Biol 18:787–798
Ruesink JL (2005) Global analysis of factors affecting the outcome of freshwater fish introductions. Conserv Biol 19:1883–1893
Ruiz VH and Marchant M (2004) Ictiofauna de aguas continentales chilenas. 1ra edición. Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción.
Sepúlveda M, Farías F, Soto E (2009) Salmon escapes in Chile. WWF Chile, Valdivia
Sepulveda M, Arismendi I, Soto D, Jara F, Farias F (2013) Escaped farmed salmon and trout in Chile: incidence, impacts, and the need for an ecosystem view. Aquac Environ Interact 4:273–283
Simberloff D (2009) The role of propagule pressure in biological invasions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:81–102
Sol D, Maspons J, Vall-Llosera M, Bartomeus I, García-Peña G et al (2012) Unraveling the life history of successful invaders. Science 337:580–58
Sørensen T (1957) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Biologiske Skrifter. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes, Selskab 5:1–34
Soto D, Jara F, Moreno C (2001) Escaped salmon in the inner seas, southern Chile: facing ecological and social conflicts. Ecol Appl 11(6):1750–1762. doi:10.2307/3061093
Soto D, Arismendi I, González J, Sanzana J, Jara F et al (2006) Southern Chile, trout and salmon country: invasion patterns and threats for native species. Rev Chil Hist Nat 79:97–117
Unmack PJ, Habit EM, Johnson JH (2009) New records of Hatcheria macraei (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) from Chilean province. Gayana 73:102–110
Vargas P, Arismendi I, Lara G, Millar J, Peredo S (2010) Evidencia de solapamiento de micro-hábitat entre juveniles del salmón introducido Oncorhynchus tshawytscha y el pez nativo Trichomycterus areolatus en el río Allipén, Chile. Rev Biol Mar Oceanogr 45:285–292
Véliz D, Catalán L, Pardo R, Acuña P, díaz P et al (2012) The genus Basilichthys (Teleostei: Atherinopsidae) revisited along its Chilean distribution range (21° to 40° S) using variation in morphology and mtDNA. Rev Chil Hist Nat 85:49–59
Vila I (2006) A new species of killifish in the genus Orestias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) from the southern high Andes, Chile. Copeia 3:473–477
Vila I, Pardo R (2006) Peces límnicos. In: CONAMA( ed) Biodiversidad de Chile: Patrimonio y desafíos. Editores Ocho Libros, Santiago, Chile, pp 306–311
Vila I, Fuentes L, Contreras M (1999) Peces límnicos de Chile. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 48:61–75
Vila I, Pardo R, Dyer B, Habit E (2006) Peces límnicos: diversidad origen y estado de conservación. In: Vila I, Veloso A, Schlatter R, Ramírez C (eds) Macrófitas y vertebrados de los ecosistemas límnicos de Chile. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, pp 72–102
Vila I, Scott S, Mendez MA, Valenzuela F, Iturra P, Poulin E (2011) Orestias gloriae, a new species of cyprinodontid fish from saltpan spring of the southern high Andes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae). Inchthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 22:345–353
Zunino S, Baeza M, Quiroz S, Rivera R (1999) Ampliación distribucional de la carmelita Percilia gillissi Girard, 1854 (Pisces: Perciliidae). Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaíso 24:119–120