Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Most Common Injuries of the Lower Extremity in the Athlete

Powell, 2000, Sex related injury patterns among selected high school sports, Am J Sports Med, 28, 385, 10.1177/03635465000280031801

Steiner, 2000, Adolescents and sports: risk or benefit?, Clin Pediatr, 39, 161, 10.1177/000992280003900304

Fernandez, 2007, Epidemiology of lower extremity injuries among U.S. high school athletes, Acad Emerg Med, 14, 641, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2007.tb01851.x

Hootman, 2007, Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives, J Athl Train, 42, 311

Verhagen, 2004, The effect of a proprioceptive balance board training program for the prevention of ankle sprains: a prospective controlled trial, Am J Sports Med, 32, 1385, 10.1177/0363546503262177

Cordova, 2005, Effects of ankle support on lower-extremity functional performance: a meta-analysis, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 37, 635, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000159141.78989.9C

Molinari, 2009, High ankle sprains (syndesmotic) in athletes: diagnostic challenges and review of the literature, Iowa Orthop J, 29, 130

Bassett, 1990, Talar impingement by the anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament. A cause of chronic pain in the ankle after inversion sprain, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 72, 55, 10.2106/00004623-199072010-00009

Sugimoto, 2009, Chondral injuries of the ankle with recurrent lateral instability: an arthroscopic study, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 91, 99, 10.2106/JBJS.G.00087

Nunley, 2002, Classification, investigation, and management of midfoot sprains: Lisfranc injuries in the athlete, Am J Sports Med, 30, 871, 10.1177/03635465020300061901

Ly, 2006, Treatment of primarily ligamentous Lisfranc joint injuries: primary arthrodesis compared with open reduction and internal fixation. A prospective, randomized study, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 88, 514, 10.2106/JBJS.E.00228

Henning, 2009, Open reduction internal fixation versus primary arthrodesis for Lisfranc injuries: a prospective randomized study, Foot Ankle Int, 30, 913, 10.3113/FAI.2009.0913

Clanton, 1994, Turf toe injury, Clin Sports Med, 13, 731, 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30282-9

Benjamin, 2008, Structure-function relationships in tendons: a review, J Anat, 212, 211

James, 2008, Tendon: biology, biomechanics, repair, growth factors, and evolving treatment options, J Hand Surg Am, 33A, 102, 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.09.007

O’Brien, 2005, The anatomy of the Achilles tendon, Foot Ankle Clin N Am, 10, 225, 10.1016/j.fcl.2005.01.011

Langergren, 1958, Vascular distribution in the Achilles tendon, Acta Chir Scand, 19, 491

Yinger, 2002, Achilles rupture in the athlete; current science and treatment, Clin Podiatr Med Surg, 19, 231, 10.1016/S0891-8422(02)00002-2

Jozsa, 1989, The role of recreational sport activity in Achilles tendon rupture: a clinical, pathoanatomical, and sociological study of 292 cases, Am J Sports Med, 17, 338, 10.1177/036354658901700305

Nestorson, 2000, Function after Achilles tendon rupture in the elderly: 25 patients older than 65 years followed for over three years, Acta Orthop Scand, 71, 64, 10.1080/00016470052943928

Frey, 1990, Vascularity of the posterior tibial tendon, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 72, 884, 10.2106/00004623-199072060-00014

Boden, 2000, High-risk stress fractures: evaluation and treatment, J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 8, 344, 10.5435/00124635-200011000-00002

Torg, 2010, Management of tarsal navicular stress fractures: conservative versus surgical treatment: a meta-analysis, Am J Sports Med, 38, 1048, 10.1177/0363546509355408

O’Malley, 1996, Fractures of the distal shaft of the fifth metatarsal. “Dancer’s fracture”, Am J Sports Med, 24, 240, 10.1177/036354659602400223

Donley, 1999, Risk of sural nerve injury with intramedullary screw fixation of fifth metatarsal fractures: a cadaver study, Foot Ankle Int, 20, 182, 10.1177/107110079902000308