Ethnic Wait Time Differences in Analgesic Administration in the Emergency Department

Berry, 2000, The new JCAHO pain standards: Implications for pain management nurses, Pain Management Nursing, 1, 3, 10.1053/jpmn.2000.5833 Bonham, 2001, Race, ethnicity, and pain treatment: Striving to understand the causes and solutions to the disparities in pain treatment, Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, 29, 52, 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00039.x Choi, 2000, Ethnicity and prescription of analgesia in an accident and emergency department: Cross-sectional study, British Medical Journal, 320, 980, 10.1136/bmj.320.7240.980 Crooks, 2002, Assessing pain and the Joint Commission pain standards, Topics in Emergency Medicine, 24, 1 Ducharme, 2005, Clinical guidelines and policies: Can they improve emergency department pain management?, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 33, 783, 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2005.tb00544.x Fry, 2004, A prospective study of nurse initiated panadeine forte: Expanding pain management in the ED, Accident and Emergency Nursing, 12, 136, 10.1016/j.aaen.2004.02.006 Fuentes, 2002, Lack of association between patient ethnicity or race and fracture analgesia, Academic Emergency Medicine, 9, 910, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb02192.x Gaeta, 2002, ED management of isolated long bone fractures between 1992 and 1999: National trends in ED use of analgesics, Academic Emergency Medicine, 9, 419, 10.1197/aemj.9.5.419 Gerson, 2004, U.S. emergency department visits for hip fracture, 1992-2000, European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 11, 323, 10.1097/00063110-200412000-00005 Haugh, 2005, Hospitals and clinicians confront a new imperative: Pain management, American Hospital Association Hospital Health Network, 79, 51 2002 Kelly, 2000, A process approach to improving pain management in the emergency department, Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine, 17, 185, 10.1136/emj.17.3.185 Lee, 2001, Hispanic and nonHispanic white patient pain management expectations, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19, 549, 10.1053/ajem.2001.28038 Silka, 2004, Pain scores improve analgesic administration patterns for trauma patients in the emergency department, Academic Emergency Medicine, 11, 264, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb02207.x Tamayo-Sarver, 2003, Racial and ethnic disparities in emergency department analgesic prescription, American Journal of Public Health, 93, 2067, 10.2105/AJPH.93.12.2067 Todd, 2001, Influence of ethnicity on emergency department pain management, Emergency Medicine, 13, 274, 10.1046/j.1035-6851.2001.00229.x Todd, 2000, Ethnicity and analgesic practice, Annals of Emergency Medicine, 35, 11, 10.1016/S0196-0644(00)70099-0 Todd, 1994, The effect of ethnicity on physician estimates of pain severity in patients with isolated extremity trauma, Journal of the American Medial Association, 271, 925, 10.1001/jama.1994.03510360051035 Todd, 1993, Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia, Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1537, 10.1001/jama.1993.03500120075029 2005 Vassiliadis, 2002, Factors influencing prehospital and emergency department analgesia administration to patients with femoral neck fractures, Emergency Medicine, 14, 261, 10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00341.x Weisse, 2003, The influence of gender and race on physicians pain management decisions, The Journal of Pain, 4, 505, 10.1016/j.jpain.2003.08.002 Weisse, 2001, Do gender and race affect decisions about pain management?, JGIM, 16, 211, 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016004211.x