Ethical considerations in the use of artificial womb/placenta technology

Ge, 2013, Prediction of Neonatal Outcomes in Extremely Preterm Neonates, Pediatrics, 132, e876, 10.1542/peds.2013-0702 Backes, 2019, Outcomes following a comprehensive versus a selective approach for infants born at 22 weeks of gestation, J Perinatol, 39, 39, 10.1038/s41372-018-0248-y Mercurio, 2018, The EXTEND system for extrauterine support of extremely premature neonates: opportunity and caution, Pediatr Res, 84, 795, 10.1038/s41390-018-0198-2 Miura, 2012, Novel modification of an artificial placenta: pumpless arteriovenous extracorporeal life support in a premature lamb model, Pediatr Res, 72, 490, 10.1038/pr.2012.108 Miura, 2016, A parallelized pumpless artificial placenta system significantly prolonged survival time in a preterm lamb model, Artif Organs, 40, E61, 10.1111/aor.12656 Usuda, 2019, Successful use of an artificial placenta to support extremely preterm ovine fetuses at the border of viability, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 221, 69, 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.03.001 Usuda, 2020, Successful use of an artificial placenta-based life support system to treat extremely preterm ovine fetuses compromised by intrauterine inflammation, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 223, 755, 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.036 Partridge, 2017, An extra-uterine system to physiologically support the extreme premature lamb, Nat Commun, 8, 15112, 10.1038/ncomms15112 Partridge, 2017, An EXTrauterine environment for neonatal development: EXTENDING fetal physiology beyond the womb, Semin Fetal Neonatal Med, 22, 404, 10.1016/j.siny.2017.04.006 De Bie, 2021, Artificial placenta and womb technology: Past, current, and future challenges toward clinical translation, Prenatal Diagnosis, 41, 145, 10.1002/pd.5821 McGovern, 2020, Neurologic outcomes of the premature lamb in an extrauterine environment for neonatal development, J Pediatr Surg, 55, 2115, 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.12.026 Bryner, 2015, An extracorporeal artificial placenta supports extremely premature lambs for 1 week, J Pediatr Surg, 50, 44, 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.028 DeGrazia, 2008, Moral Status as a Matter of Degree, Southern J Philos, 46, 181, 10.1111/j.2041-6962.2008.tb00075.x Steinbock, 2011 Strong, 1997, The Moral Status of Preembryos, Embroys, Fetuses, and Infants, J Med Philos, 22, 457, 10.1093/jmp/22.5.457 Janvier, 2007, Are Newborns Morally Different from Older Children?, Theoretical Med Bioethics, 28, 413, 10.1007/s11017-007-9052-y Janvier, 2008, Nobody likes premies: the relative value of patients' lives, J Perinatol, 28, 821, 10.1038/jp.2008.103 Romanis, 2018, Artificial womb technology and the frontiers of human reproduction: conceptual differences and potential implications, J Med Ethics, 44, 751, 10.1136/medethics-2018-104910 Romanis, 2019, Artificial womb technology and the significance of birth: why gestatelings are not newborns (or fetuses), J Med Ethics, 45, 728, 10.1136/medethics-2019-105723 Kinga, 2021, In defense of gestatelings: response to Colgrove, J Med Ethics, 47, 355 Colgrove, 2019, Subjects of ectogenesis: are ‘gestatelings’ fetuses, newborns or neither?, J Med Ethics, 45, 723, 10.1136/medethics-2019-105495 Maternal Mortality Ratio. In World Health organization: health statistics and information systems, 2019. Available: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/indmaternalmortality/en/ Romanis, 2018, Artificial womb technology and the frontiers of human reproduction: conceptual differences and potential implications, J Med Ethics, 44, 751, 10.1136/medethics-2018-104910 Mercurio, 2021, Critical decision-making in neonatology and pediatrics: the I-P-O framework, J Perinatol, 41, 173, 10.1038/s41372-020-00841-6 Rodger, 2020, Gestaticide: killing the subject of the artificial womb, J Med Ethics, 0, 1 Cummings, 2015, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Antenatal Counseling Regarding Resuscitation and Intensive Care Before 25 Weeks of Gestation, Pediatrics, 136, 588, 10.1542/peds.2015-2336 Tyson, 2008, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Intensive care for extreme prematurity–moving beyond gestational age, N Engl J Med, 358, 1672, 10.1056/NEJMoa073059 Rysavy, 2020, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network and Vermont Oxford Network. Assessment of an Updated Neonatal Research Network Extremely Preterm Birth Outcome Model in the Vermont Oxford Network, JAMA Pediatr, 174, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.6294 Mercurio, 2020, Resuscitation policies for extremely preterm newborns: finally moving beyond gestational age, J Perinatol, 40, 1731, 10.1038/s41372-020-00843-4