Estudio de la actividad antibacteriana en un hospital terciario. Evolución durante el período 2000-2005

Segal, 2003, Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease, Trends Microbiol., 11, 445, 10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00207-5 Alonso, 2001, Environmental selection of antibiotic resistance genes, Environ Microbiol., 3, 1, 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00161.x Gómez, 1996, Combinaciones de antibióticos: Nuevas perspectivas y futuro, Rev Esp Quimioterap., 9, 231 Baquero, 1998, Criterios del grupo MENSURA para la definición de los puntos críticos de sensibilidad a los antibióticos, Enf Infec Microbiol Clin., 16, 85 Pallarés, 1995, Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumoniae in Barcelona, Spain, N Engl J Med., 333, 474, 10.1056/NEJM199508243330802 Crisostomo, 2001, The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA., 98, 9865, 10.1073/pnas.161272898 Gobernado, 2003, Refexiones sobre resistencia bacteriana, Rev Esp Quimioterap., 16, 158 Quinn, 1998, Clinical problems posed by multiresistant nonfermenting gram-negative pathogens, Clin Infect Dis., 27, S117, 10.1086/514912 Anónimo. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standars. Document M100-S9. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Ninth informational supplement. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne; 1999. Aguilar, 2001, Presión antibiótica, desarrollo de resistencias en Streptococcus pneumoniae y fracaso clínico: un círculo no tan vicioso para algunos antibióticos, Rev Esp Quimioterap., 14 Enne, 2001, Persistence of sulphonamide resistance in Escherichia coli in the UK despite national prescribing restriction, Lancet., 357, 1325, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04519-0 Jorgensen, 1994, Detection of penicillin and extented-spectrum cephalosporin resistance by use of the E Test, J Clin Microbiol., 32, 159, 10.1128/JCM.32.1.159-163.1994 Levy, 1988, La resistencia contra los antibioticos, Investigación y Ciencia., 260, 14 De Vicente Moreno A. Resistencia bacteriana frente a antimicrobianos, ¿los está haciendo inútiles el mal uso y el abuso? Disponible en: www.encuentros.uma.es/encuentros87/resistencia.htm Kollef, 2001, Is there a role for antibiotic cycling in the intensive care unit?, Crit Care Med., 29, N135, 10.1097/00003246-200104001-00014 Gómez, 1991, Perspectivas actuales del tratamiento de las septicemias, Rev Esp Quimioterap., 3, 115 Gómez, 1992, Uso de ciprofloxacino y resistencias en un hospital general. Estudio prospectivo 1988-1991, Rev Esp Quimioterap., 5, 317 Chow, 1991, Enterobacter bacteremia: Clinical features and emergence of antibiotic resistance during therapy, Ann Intern Med., 115, 585, 10.7326/0003-4819-115-8-585 Fantin, 1992, In vivo antibiotic synergism: Contribution of animal models, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 36, 907, 10.1128/AAC.36.5.907 Parra, 1994, Patrones de cambio en el uso de antibióticos en hospitales: Bases y nuevas perspectivas, Med Clin (Barc)., 102, 25 Fernández–Viladrich, 1996, High dose of cefotaxime in the treatment of adult meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 40, 218, 10.1128/AAC.40.1.218 Alonso, 2004, Overexpression of the multidrug efflux pump SmeDEF impairs Stenotrophomonas maltophilia physiology, J Antimicrob Chemother., 53, 432, 10.1093/jac/dkh074 Neu, 1994, Antimicrobial chemotherapy, 1934-1994, Antimicrobics Infect Dis Newsletter., 13, 1, 10.1016/1069-417X(94)90006-X Gavalda, 1996, Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis using once-daily dosing regimen of gentamicin plus simulated profiles of ampicillin in human serum, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 40, 173, 10.1128/AAC.40.1.173 Livermore, 2001, Detection of beta-lactamase-mediated resistance, J Antimicrob Chemother., 48, 29, 10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.59 Salyers, 2004, Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes, Trends Microbiol., 12, 412, 10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004 Gómez, 1993, Elección razonada del uso de antibióticos en la práctica clínica, Enf Inf Microbiol Clin., 11, 214 Enne, 2004, Enhancement of host fitness by the sul2-coding plasmid p9123 in the absence of selective pressure, J Antimicrob Chemother., 53, 958, 10.1093/jac/dkh217 Aarestrup, 2002, Antimicrobial resistance among enterococci from pigs in three European countries, Appl Environ Microbiol., 68, 4127, 10.1128/AEM.68.8.4127-4129.2002 Leclercq, 1997, Concepts of expert system for the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility test, VITEK 2 References., 1, 26 Jerse, 2003, A gonococcal efflux pump system enhances bacterial survival in a female mouse model of genital tract infection, Infect Immun., 71, 5576, 10.1128/IAI.71.10.5576-5582.2003 Commetta, 1996, Monotherapy with meropenem versus combination therapy with ceftazidime plus amikacin as empiric therapy for fever in granulocytopenic patients with cancer, Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 40, 1108, 10.1128/AAC.40.5.1108 Elección de antimicrobianos. The Medical Letter (Ed. Española). 1994;XVI:73-80. Shankar, 2002, Modulation of virulence within a pathogenicity island in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Nature., 13, 746, 10.1038/nature00802 Oliver, 2000, High frequency of hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infection, Science., 288, 1251, 10.1126/science.288.5469.1251 Muñoz Bellido, 2006, ¿Dispondremos de antimicrobianos adecuados frente a Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina, Rev Esp Quimioterp., 19, 313 Moellering, 1992, Emergence of Enterococcus as a significant pathogen, Clin Infect Dis., 14, 1173, 10.1093/clinids/14.6.1173 Thomson, 2001, Controversies about extended-spectrum and Ampc beta-lactamases, MMWR., 7, 1 Reyes, 1998, Resistencia bacteriana a los antimicrobianos, Antib Inf., 2, 12 Liñares, 1992, Trends in antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (1979-1990), Clin Infect Dis., 15, 99, 10.1093/clinids/15.1.99 Kohler, 2001, Overexpression of the MexEF-OprN multidrug efflux system affects cell-to-cell signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, J Bacteriol., 183, 5213, 10.1128/JB.183.18.5213-5222.2001 Okeke, 1999, Socioeconomic and behavioral factors leading to acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics in developing countries, EID., 5, 18 Winokur, 2001, Variations in the prevalence of strains expressing an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype and characterization of isolates from Europe, the Americas, and the Western Pacif Region, Clin Infec Dis., 32, 94, 10.1086/320182 Soc Esp de Med Preventiva, Sálud Pública e Higiene. Estudio de prevalencia de las infecciones nosocomiales en españa (EPINE). Resultados del estudio del año 2005 y evolución 1990-2005: 16 años. Disponible en: http://www.mpsp.org/mpsp/EPINE06 Tenover, 1993, Ability of clinical laboratories to detect antimicrobial agent-resistant enterococci, J Clin Microbiol., 31, 1695, 10.1128/JCM.31.7.1695-1699.1993 Livermore, 2001, Of Pseudmonas, porins, pumps and carbapenems, J Antimicrob Chemother., 47, 241, 10.1093/jac/47.3.247 Bochicchio, 2006, In vitro susceptibilities of E coli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide in 2002-2004: results from SMART (Study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends), Surg Infect., 7, 537, 10.1089/sur.2006.7.537 Picazo, 2006, Vigilancia de resistencias a los antimicrobianos: estudio VIRA 2006, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin., 24, 617, 10.1157/13095373