Estimulación cardiaca temporal. Estimulación tras cirugía cardiaca

Murphy, 1992, Haemodynamic effects of different temporary pacing modes for the management of bradycardias complicating acute myocardial infarction, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 15, 391, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1992.tb05134.x Nishimura, 1996, Effect of dual-chamber pacing on systolic and diastolic functionin patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Acute Doppler echocardiographic and catheterization hemodynamic study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 421, 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00445-9 Gammage, 2000, Temporary cardiac pacing, Heart, 83, 715, 10.1136/heart.83.6.715 Antman, 2004, Circulation, 110, e82, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000134791.68010.FA Braun, 2006, Percutaneus lead implantation connected to an external device in stimulation-dependent patients with systemic infection-A prospective and controlled study, Pace, 29, 875, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00454.x Cock, 2003, Usefulness of a new activefixation lead in transvenous temporary pacing for femoral approach, Pace, 26, 849, 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.t01-1-00149.x Hynes, 1983, Five-year experience with temporary pacemaker therapy in the coronary care unit, Mayo Clin Proc, 58, 122 Murphy, 1996, Current practice and complications of temporary transvenous cardiac pacing, BMJ, 312, 1134, 10.1136/bmj.312.7039.1134 López Ayerbe, 2004, Marcapasos temporales: utilización actual y complicaciones, Rev Esp Cardiol, 57, 1045, 10.1157/13068165 1994, Clinical competence in insertion of a temporary transvenous ventricular pacemaker, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 1254, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90618-1 Zoll, 1952, Resuscitation of the heart in ventricular standstill by external electrical stimulation, N Engl J Med, 248, 768, 10.1056/NEJM195211132472005 Falk, 1983, Safety and efficacy of noninvasive cardiac pacing. A preliminary report, N Engl J Med, 309, 1166, 10.1056/NEJM198311103091907 Zoll, 1985, External noninvasive temporary cardiac pacing: clinical trials, Circulation, 71, 937, 10.1161/01.CIR.71.5.937 Trigano, 1992, Noninvasive transcutaenous cardiac pacing: modern instrumentation and new prespectives, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 15, 1937, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1992.tb02998.x Falk, 1986, External cardiac pacing: Influence of electrode placement on pacing threshold, Crit Care Med, 14, 931, 10.1097/00003246-198611000-00003 Panescu, 1994, Modeling current density distributions during trasncutaneos cardiac pacing, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 41, 549, 10.1109/10.293242 Beland, 1987, Noninvasive transcutaneous cardiac pacing in children, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 10, 1262, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1987.tb04962.x Altamura, 1990, Transcutaneous cardiac pacing: evaluation of cardiac activation, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 13, 17, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1990.tb06934.x Trigano, 1989, Left ventricular pressure measurement during noninvasive transcutaneous cardiac pacing, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 12, 1717, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1989.tb01854.x Altamura, 1989, Treatment of ventricular and supraventricular tachyarrrhythmias by transcutaneosu cardiac pacing, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 12, 331, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1989.tb02666.x Altamura, 1990, Transcutaneous cardiac pacing for temination of tachyarrhythmias, Pacig Clin Electrophysiol, 13, 2026, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1990.tb06936.x Etting, 1999, Using ultrasound to determine external pacer capture, J Emerg Med, 17, 1007, 10.1016/S0736-4679(99)00132-8 Tam, 2003, Ultrasound for primary confirmation of mechanical capture in emergency transcutaneous pacing, Emerg Med, 15, 192, 10.1046/j.1442-2026.2003.00438.x Coma, 1987, Estimulación cardiaca transcutánea: nuestra experiencia y valoración, Med Intensiva, 11, 308 Trigano, 1992, Thoracic transcutaneous cardiac pacing, Presse Med, 25, 124 McEneaney, 1997, Ventricular pacing with a novel gastroesophageal electrode: a comparation with external pacing, Am Heart J, 133, 674, 10.1016/S0002-8703(97)70169-8 Hatlesttad, 2002, The benefits of electricity: Transcutaneous pacing in EMS, Emerg Med Serv, 31, 38 2005, 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 7.3: Management of symtomatic bradycardia and tachycardia, Circulation, 112, 67 Noe, 1986, Transcutaneous pacing use in large hospital, Pacing Clin Electroophysiol, 9, 101, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1986.tb05365.x Knowlton, 1986, External cardiac pacing during inhospital cardiac arrest, Am J Cardiol, 57, 1295, 10.1016/0002-9149(86)90207-9 Álvarez, 1989, Estimulación eléctrica cardiaca no invasive en Urgencias, Med Clin (Barc), 92, 691 Barthel, 1988, Prehospital external cardiac pacing: a prospective, controlled clinical trial, Ann Emerg Med, 17, 1221, 10.1016/S0196-0644(88)80074-X Eitel, 1987, Non invasive transcutaneous cardiac pacing in prehospital cardiac arrests, Ann Emerg Med, 16, 531, 10.1016/S0196-0644(87)80678-9 Paris, 1985, Transcutaneous pacing for bradyasystolic cardiac arrests in prehospital care, Ann Emerg Med, 14, 320, 10.1016/S0196-0644(85)80096-2 ECC Committee, ECC Subcommittees, and ECC Task Forces; and Authors of Final Evidence Evaluation Worksheets 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care With Treatment Recommendations Conference 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 5: Electrical Therapies. Automatted external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion and pacing Circulation. 2005;112:35-46. Grubb, 1993, The use of external, noninvasive pacing for the termination of supraventricular tachycardia in the emergency department setting, Ann Emerg Med, 22, 714, 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81854-2 Gauss, 1999, Perioperative transcutaneous pacemarker in patients with chronic bifascicular block or left bundle branch block and additional first-degree atrioventricular block, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 43, 731, 10.1034/j.1399-6576.1999.430708.x Sharkey, 1985, Profilactic external pacing during cardioversion of atrial tachyarritmias, Am J Cardiol, 55, 1632, 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90990-7 Riley, 1992, Transcutaneous cardiac pacing for asystole during permanent pacemaker lead repositioning, Anaesth Intensive Care, 20, 524, 10.1177/0310057X9202000428 Madasen, 1988, Normal myocardial enzymes and normal echocardiografic findings during noninvasive transcutaneous pacing, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 11, 1188, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1988.tb03971.x Syverud, 1983, Transcutaneous pacing: determination of myocardial inyury in a canine model, Ann Emerg Med, 12, 745, 10.1016/S0196-0644(83)80249-2 Koplan, 2003, Development and validation of a simple risk score to predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 41, 795, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02926-1 Gentry, 1993, Complications of retained epicardial pacing wires: an unusual bronchial foreign body, Ann Thorac Surg, 56, 1391, 10.1016/0003-4975(93)90690-J Del Nido, 1989, Temporary epicardial pacing after open heart surgery: complications and prevention, J Card Surg, 4, 99, 10.1111/j.1540-8191.1989.tb00262.x Price, 1989, Injury to a saphenous vein graft during removal of a temporary epicardial pacing wire electrode, Br Heart J, 61, 546, 10.1136/hrt.61.6.546 Bolcal, 2006, Does combination of antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia reduce coronary artery bypass grafting-related conduction defects?, Heart Surg Forum, 9, E866, 10.1532/HSF98.20061100 Cook, 2005, Changing incidence, type, and natural history of conduction defects after coronary artery bypass grafting, Ann Thorac Surg, 80, 1732, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.04.029 Del Rizzo, 1996, Cardiac pacing following surgery for acquired heart disease, J Card Surg, 11, 332, 10.1111/j.1540-8191.1996.tb00059.x Goldman, 1984, Permanent cardiac pacing after open-heart surgery: acquired heart disease, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 7, 367, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1984.tb04919.x Lewis, 1998, The increased need for a permanent pacemaker after reoperative cardiac surgery, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 116, 74, 10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70245-4 Gordon, 1998, Permanent cardiac pacing after a cardiac operation: predicting the use of permanent pacemakers, Ann Thorac Surg, 66, 1698, 10.1016/S0003-4975(98)00889-3 Erdogan, 2006, Risk factors for requirement of permanent pacemaker implantation after aortic valve replacement, J Card Surg, 21, 211, 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2006.00216.x Limongelli, 2003, Risk factors for pacemaker implantation following aortic valve replacement: a single centre experience, Heart, 89, 901, 10.1136/heart.89.8.901 Bruckheimer, 2002, Late recovery of surgically-induced atrioventricular block in patients with congenital heart disease, J Interv Card Electrophysiol, 6, 191, 10.1023/A:1015379903936 Zieroth, 2006, Permanent pacing after cardiac transplantation in the era of extended donors, J Heart Lung Transplant, 25, 1142, 10.1016/j.healun.2006.07.003 Feldman, 1992, Pacemaker dependency after coronary artery bypass, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 15, 2037, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1992.tb03017.x Gregoratos, 2002, J Am Coll Cardiol, 40, 1703, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02528-7 Oter Rodríguez, 2000, Guías de práctica clínica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología en marcapasos, Rev Esp Cardiol, 53, 947, 10.1157/10486 Weindling, 1998, Duration of complete atrioventricular block after congenital heart disease surgery, Am J Cardiol, 82, 525, 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00375-0 Scully, 1995, Tricuspid valve replacement. Fifteen years of experience with mechanical prostheses and bioprostheses, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 109, 1035, 10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70185-0 Do, 2000, Clinical outcome after isolated tricuspid valve replacement: 20-year experience, Can J Cardiol, 16, 489 Emlein, 1993, Prolonged bradyarrhythmias after isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery, Am Heart J, 126, 1084, 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90658-V Glikson, 1997, Indications, effectiveness, and long-term dependency in permanent pacing after cardiac surgery, Am J Cardiol, 80, 1309, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00671-1 Baerman, 1987, Natural history and determinants of conduction defects following coronary artery bypass surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, 44, 150, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)62027-9 Hancock, 1988, AV block after aortic valve replacement, Hosp Pract (Off Ed), 23, 41, 10.1080/21548331.1988.11703518 Kim, 2001, Complete atrioventricular block after valvular heart surgery and the timing of pacemaker implantation [resumen], Am J Cardiol, 87, 649, 10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01448-X Ben Ameur, 2006, Conductive disorders following open-heart valvular surgery. Concerning 230 operated patients, Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris), 55, 140, 10.1016/j.ancard.2005.04.017 Cooper, 1995, Permanent pacing in patients with tricuspid valve replacements, Br Heart J, 73, 169, 10.1136/hrt.73.2.169 Yoda, 2005, Left ventricular pacing through the anterior interventricular vein in a patient with mechanical tricuspid, aortic and mitral valves, Ann Thorac Surg, 80, 328, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.01.041 Hansky, 2002, Coronary vein leads for cardiac pacing in patients with tricuspid valve replacement, Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 50, 120, 10.1055/s-2002-26687 Lord, 2003, Pacing the left ventricle through the coronary sinus in a patient with a prosthetic tricuspid valve replacement, Heart, 89, 1444, 10.1136/heart.89.12.1444-a Zakhia Doueihi, 1992, Permanent cardiac pacing for prolonged second and third degree atrioventricular block complicating cardiac valve replacement, Acta Cardiol, 47, 157 Batra, 2003, Late recovery of atrioventricular conduction after pacemaker implantation for complete heart block associated with surgery for congenital heart disease, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 125, 1291, 10.1016/S0022-5223(03)00198-3 Kikura, 2002, The efficacy of preemptive Milrinone or Amrinone therapy in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, Anesth Analg, 94, 22, 10.1213/00000539-200201000-00005 Lister, 1968, Treatment of supraventricular tachycardias by rapid atrial stimulation, Circulation, 38, 1044, 10.1161/01.CIR.38.6.1044 Disney, 2003, Biventricular pacing for severe mitral regurgitation following atrioventricular nodal ablation, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 26, 643, 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.00109.x Grines, 1989, Functional abnormalities in isolated left bundle branch block. The effect of interventricular asynchrony, Circulation, 79, 845, 10.1161/01.CIR.79.4.845 Flynn, 2005, Temporary left ventricular pacing improves haemodynamic performance in patients requiring epicardial pacing post cardiac surgery, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 28, 250, 10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.03.019 Sticherling, 2006, Cardiac resynchronization therapy in chronic heart failure, Swiss Med Wkly, 136, 611 Vernooy, 2006, Ventricular remodeling during long-term right ventricular pacing following His bundle ablation, Am J Cardiol, 97, 1223, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.044 Wilkoff, 2002, Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial, JAMA, 288, 3115, 10.1001/jama.288.24.3115 Kataoka, 2006, Pacemaker-induced mitral regurgitation as a cause of refractory congestive heart failure during pacing therapy in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Congest Heart Fail, 12, 112, 10.1111/j.1527-5299.2006.04768.x Cannan, 1997, Pacemaker induced mitral regurgitation: an alternative form of pacemaker syndrome, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 20, 735, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1997.tb03895.x Auricchio, 2002, Cardiac resynchronization therapy restores optimal atrioventricular mechanical timing in heart failure patients with ventricular conduction delay, J Am Coll Cardiol, 39, 1163, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01727-8 Strickberger, 2005, Circulation, 111, 2146, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000161276.09685.4A Linde, 2002, Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the Multisite Stimulation in cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 40, 111, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01932-0 Turitto, 2007, Cardiac resynchronization therapy: a review of proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic mechanisms, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 30, 115, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007.00585.x Foster, 1995, Acute hemodynamic effects of atrio-biventricular pacing in humans, Ann Thorac Surg, 59, 294, 10.1016/0003-4975(94)00878-B Weisse, 2002, Impact of atrio-biventricular pacing to poor left-ventricular function after CABG, Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 50, 131, 10.1055/s-2002-32403 Hajiseyedjavadi, 2006, Coronary artery bypass grafting and biventricular pacing efficacy: do past trials dictate a change in future practice?, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 132, 974, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.04.049 Berberian, 2005, Optimized biventricular pacing in atrioventricular block after cardiac surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, 80, 870, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.03.111 Butter, 2001, Effect of resynchronization therapy stimulation site on the systolic function of heart failure patients, Circulation, 104, 3026, 10.1161/hc5001.102229 Bleeker, 2004, Relationship between QRS duration and left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with end-stage heart failure, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 15, 544, 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.03604.x Bordachar, 2003, Interventricular and intra-left ventricular electromechanical delays in right ventricular paced patients with heart failure: implications for upgrading to biventricular stimulation, Heart, 89, 1401, 10.1136/heart.89.12.1401 Mitchell, 2007, Prophylactic therapy to prevent atrial arrhythmia after cardiac surgery, Curr Opin Cardiol, 22, 18, 10.1097/HCO.0b013e3280117cc5 Crystal, 2002, Interventions on prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery: a meta-analysis, Circulation, 106, 75, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000021113.44111.3E Bagshaw, 2006, Prophylactic amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis, Ann Thorac Surg, 82, 1927, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.06.032 Miller, 2005, Effects of magnesium on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis, Heart, 91, 618, 10.1136/hrt.2004.033811 Forlani, 2003, Combination therapy for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized trial of sotalol and magnesium, Card Electrophysiol Rev, 7, 168, 10.1023/A:1027423802701 Maisel, 2005, The role of cardiac pacing: American College of Chest Physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, Chest, 128, 36S, 10.1378/chest.128.2_suppl.36S Daoud, 2000, Randomized, double-blind trial of simultaneous right and left atrial epicardial pacing for prevention of post-open heart surgery atrial fibrillation, Circulation, 102, 761, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.7.761 Maisel, 2001, Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, Ann Intern Med, 135, 1061, 10.7326/0003-4819-135-12-200112180-00010 Fan, 2000, Effects of biatrial pacing in prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery, Circulation, 102, 755, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.7.755 Blommaert, 2000, Effective prevention of atrial fibrillation by continuous atrial overdrive pacing after coronary artery bypass surgery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 35, 1411, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00608-2 Greenberg, 2000, Atrial pacing for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiovascular surgery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 35, 1416, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00610-0 Chung, 2000, Ineffectiveness and potential proarrhythmia of atrial pacing for atrial fibrillation prevention after coronary artery bypass grafting, Ann Thorac Surg, 69, 1057, 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)01338-7 Gerstenfeld, 1999, Evaluation of right atrial and biatrial temporary pacing for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery, J Am Coll Cardiol, 33, 1981, 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00115-1 Levy, 2000, Randomized controlled study investigating the effect of biatrial pacing in prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting, Circulation, 102, 1382, 10.1161/01.CIR.102.12.1382 Mitchell, 2005, Atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery, Can J Cardiol, 21, B45 Daoud, 2003, Temporary atrial epicardial pacing as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after heart surgery: a meta-analysis, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 14, 127, 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.02371.x Papageorgiou, 1996, Site-dependent intra-atrial conduction delay. Relationship to initiation of atrial fibrillation, Circulation, 94, 384, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.3.384 Fuster, 2006, Circulation, 114, e257, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 Hogue, 2005, Epidemiology, mechanisms, and risks: American College of Chest Physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, Chest, 128, S9, 10.1378/chest.128.2_suppl.9S Stafford, 1997, Signal averaged P wave compared with standard electrocardiography or echocardiography for prediction of atrial fibrillation after coronary bypass grafting, Heart, 77, 417, 10.1136/hrt.77.5.417 Steinberg, 1993, Value of the P-wave signal-averaged ECG for predicting atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, Circulation, 88, 2618, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.6.2618 Zaman, 1997, The role of signal averaged P wave duration and serum magnesium as a combined predictor of atrial fibrillation after elective coronary artery bypass surgery, Heart, 77, 527, 10.1136/hrt.77.6.527 Amar, 2004, Clinical prediction rule for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting, J Am Coll Cardiol, 44, 1248, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.078 Zaman, 2000, Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a model for preoperative risk stratification, Circulation, 101, 1403, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.12.1403 Mahoney, 2002, Cost-effectiveness of targeting patients undergoing cardiac surgery for therapy with intravenous amiodarone to prevent atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 40, 737, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02003-X Budeus, 2006, Prediction of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: the role of chemoreflex-sensitivity and P wave signal averaged ECG, Int J Cardiol, 106, 67, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.12.062