Estimates of optimal vitamin D status

Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R (2004) Vitamin D round table. In: Buckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP (eds) Nutritional aspects of osteoporosis, 2nd edn. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 263–270

Vieth R, Ladak Y, Walfish PG (2003) Age-related changes in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D versus parathyroid hormone relationship suggest a different reason why older adults require more vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:185–191

Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP, Dowell S, Holick MF (1998) Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men. Osteoporos Int 8:222–230

Lips P, Wiersinga A, van Ginkel FC, Jongen MJ, Netelenbos JC, Hackeng WH, Delmas PD, van der Vijgh WJ (1988) The effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and parathyroid function in elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:644–650

Malabanan A, Veronikis IE, Holick MF (1998) Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Lancet 351:805–806

Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, Shaw AC, Deraska DJ, Kitch BT, Vamvakas EC, Dick IM, Prince RL, Finkelstein JS (1998) Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med 338:777–783

McKenna MJ (1992) Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and the elderly. Am J Med 93:69–77

Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, Meunier PJ (1997) Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int 7:439–443

Krall EA, Sahyoun N, Tannenbaum S, Dallal GE, Dawson-Hughes B (1989) Effect of vitamin D intake on seasonal variations in parathyroid hormone secretion in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 321:1777–1783

Carter GD, Carter CR, Gunter E, Jones E, Makin HL, Sufi S (2004) Measurement of vitamin D metabolites: an international perspective on methodology and clinical interpretation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89:467–471

Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols HA, Holick MF (1999) An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements. Osteoporos Int 9:394–397

Peacock M (1998) Effects of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency on the skeleton. Osteoporos Int 8:S45–S51

Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Dallal GE (1997) Plasma calcidiol, season, and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in healthy elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 65:67–71

Fuleihan GE, Nabulsi M, Choucair M, Salamoun M, Shahine CH, Kizirian A, Tannous R (2001) Hypovitaminosis d in healthy schoolchildren. Pediatrics 107:E53

Tangpricha V, Pearce EN, Chen TC, Holick MF (2002) Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living healthy young adults. Am J Med 112:659–662

Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A (2003) Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr 22:142–146

Segersten U, Correa P, Hewison M, Hellman P, Dralle H, Carling T, Akerstrom G, Westin G (2002) 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha-hydroxylase expression in normal and pathological parathyroid glands. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2967–2972

Ooms ME, Lips P, Roos JC, van der Vijgh WJ, Popp-Snijders C, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM (1995) Vitamin D status and sex hormone binding globulin: determinants of bone turnover and bone mineral density in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 10:1177–1184

Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B (2004) Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults. The Am J Med 116:634–639

Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G (1991) Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 115:505–512

Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE, Falconer G, Green CL (1995) Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 61:1140–1145

Bischoff HA, Stahelin HB, Dick W, Akos R, Knecht M, Salis C, Nebiker M, Theiler R, Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Lew RA, Conzelmann M (2003) Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 18:343–351

Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett W, Staehlin H, Bazemore M, Zee R, Wong J (2004) Fall prevention by vitamin D treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Assoc 291:1999–2006

Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Zhang Y, Karlson EW, Dawson-Hughes B (2004) Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive adults 60+ years of age. Am J Clin Nutr 80:752–758

Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ (1992) Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med 327:1637–1642

Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ (1994) Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for3 years on hip fractures in elderly women. BMJ 308:1081–1082

Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting M, Arnaud S, Garnero P, Meunier PJ (2002) Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int 13:257–264

Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE (1997) Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 337:670–676

Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT (2003) Effect of 4-monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double-blind controlled trial. BMJ 326:469

Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM (1996) Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 124:400–406

Ooms ME, Roos JC, Bezemer PD, van der Vijgh WJ, Bouter LM, Lips P (1995) Prevention of bone loss by vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized double-blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1052–1058

Lips P, Duong T, Oleksik A, Black D, Cummings S, Cox D, Nickelsen T (2001) A global study of vitamin D status and parathyroid function in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: baseline data from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation clinical trial [erratum appears in J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3008]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1212–1221

Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ (2003) Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr 77:204–210

Cooper L, Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, Figtree G, Twigg S, Hibbert E, Robinson BG (2003) Vitamin D supplementation and bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 77:1324–1329

Armas LAG, Hollis BW, Heaney RP (2004) Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5387–5391

Tangpricha V, Koutkia P, Rieke SM, Chen TC, Perez AA, Holick MF (2003) Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D: a novel approach for enhancing vitamin D nutritional health. Am J Clin Nutr 77:1478–1483

Vieth R, Kimball S, Hu A, Walfish PG (2004) Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4,000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients. Nutr J 3:8

Goussous R, Song L, Dallal G, Dawson-Hughes B (2005) Lack of effect of calcium intake on the 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to oral vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:707--711