Esteatosis hepática y resistencia a la insulina: ¿qué ocurre primero?

Harrison, 2003, Advances in the understanding and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Drugs, 63, 2379, 10.2165/00003495-200363220-00001 Clark, 2002, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gastroenterology, 122, 1649, 10.1053/gast.2002.33573 Shimada, 2002, Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, J Hepatol, 37, 154, 10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00099-5 Ong, 2002, Is hepatocellular carcinoma part of the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?, Gastroenterology, 123, 375, 10.1053/gast.2002.34453 Teli, 1995, The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study, Hepatology, 22, 1714, 10.1002/hep.1840220616 Fassio, 2004, Natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a longitudinal study of repeat liver biopsies, Hepatology, 40, 820 Harrison, 2003, The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a clinical histopathological study, Am J Gastroenterol, 98, 2042, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07659.x Bacon, 1994, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity, Gastroenterology, 107, 1103, 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90235-6 Ratziu, 2000, Liver fibrosis in overweight patients, Gastroenterology, 118, 1117, 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70364-7 Day, 1998, Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”?, Gastroenterology, 114, 842, 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70599-2 Powell, 1990, The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years, Hepatology, 11, 74, 10.1002/hep.1840110114 Angulo, 1999, Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 30, 1356, 10.1002/hep.510300604 Matteoni, 1999, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity, Gastroenterology, 116, 1413, 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70506-8 Medina, 2004, Approach to the pathogenesis and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Diabetes Care, 27, 2057, 10.2337/diacare.27.8.2057 Bellentani, 1994, Prevalence of chronic liver disease in the general population of northern Italy: the Dionysos Study, Hepatology, 20, 1442, 10.1002/hep.1840200611 Nomura, 1988, Prevalence of fatty liver in a general population of Okinawa, Japan, Jpn J Med, 27, 142, 10.2169/internalmedicine1962.27.142 Wanless, 1990, Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: an autopsy study with analysis of risk factors, Hepatology, 12, 1106, 10.1002/hep.1840120505 Browning, 2004, Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity, Hepatology, 40, 1387, 10.1002/hep.20466 Bellentani, 2000, Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy, Ann Intern Med, 132, 112, 10.7326/0003-4819-132-2-200001180-00004 Gupte, 2004, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 19, 854, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03312.x Jimba, 2005, Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with impaired glucose metabolism in Japanese adults, Diabet Med, 22, 1141, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01582.x Dixon, 2001, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in the severely obese, Gastroenterology, 121, 91, 10.1053/gast.2001.25540 García-Monzón, 2000, Characterization of pathogenic and prognostic factors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with obesity, J Hepatol, 33, 716, 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80301-3 Banerji, 1995, Liver fat, serum triglycerides and visceral adipose tissue in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant black men with NIDDM, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 19, 846 Marchesini, 2001, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome, Diabetes, 50, 1844, 10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1844 Marceau, 1999, Liver pathology and the metabolic syndrome X in severe obesity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 1513, 10.1210/jc.84.5.1513 Marchesini, 1999, Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance, Am J Med, 107, 450, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00271-5 Marchesini, 2003, Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome, Hepatology, 37, 917, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50161 Chitturi, 2002, NASH and insulin resistance: Insulin hypersecretion and specific association with the insulin resistance syndrome, Hepatology, 35, 373, 10.1053/jhep.2002.30692 Suzuki, 2005, Chronological development of elevated aminotransferases in a nonalcoholic population, Hepatology, 41, 64, 10.1002/hep.20543 Hamaguchi, 2005, The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Ann Intern Med, 143, 722, 10.7326/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00009 Hanley, 2004, Elevations in markers of liver injury and risk of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study, Diabetes, 53, 2623, 10.2337/diabetes.53.10.2623 Sattar, 2004, Elevated alanine aminotransferase predicts new-onset type 2 diabetes independently of classical risk factors, metabolic syndrome, and C-reactive protein in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study, Diabetes, 53, 2855, 10.2337/diabetes.53.11.2855 Comert, 2001, Insulin resistance in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Dig Liver Dis, 33, 353, 10.1016/S1590-8658(01)80091-8 Sanyal, 2001, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities, Gastroenterology, 120, 1183, 10.1053/gast.2001.23256 Kim, 2003, Primacy of hepatic insulin resistance in the development of the metabolic syndrome induced by an isocaloric moderate-fat diet in the dog, Diabetes, 52, 2453, 10.2337/diabetes.52.10.2453 Kim, 2001, Tissue-specific overexpression of lipoprotein lipase causes tissue-specific insulin resistance, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 7522, 10.1073/pnas.121164498 Kraegen, 1991, Development of muscle insulin resistance after liver insulin resistance in high-fat-fed rats, Diabetes, 40, 1397, 10.2337/diabetes.40.11.1397 Bugianesi, 2005, Insulin resistance: a metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease, Hepatology, 42, 987, 10.1002/hep.20920 Tiikkainen, 2004, Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on liver fat content, hepatic insulin resistance, insulin clearance, and gene expression in adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 53, 2169, 10.2337/diabetes.53.8.2169 Pagano, 2002, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association, Hepatology, 35, 367, 10.1053/jhep.2002.30690 Saltiel, 2001, Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, Nature, 414, 799, 10.1038/414799a Hug, 2002, Diabetes, obesity, and Acrp30/adiponectin, Biotechniques, 33, 654, 10.2144/02333dd01 Kelley, 2003, Fatty liver in type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation to regional adiposity, fatty acids, and insulin resistance, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 285, E906, 10.1152/ajpendo.00117.2003 Garg, 2000, Lipodystrophies, Am J Med, 108, 143, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00414-3 Haque, 2002, Post-mortem findings in familial partial lipodystrophy, Dunnigan variety, Diabet Med, 19, 1022, 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00796.x Bugianesis, 2005, Insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: sites and mechanisms, Diabetologia, 48, 634, 10.1007/s00125-005-1682-x Donnelly, 2005, Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, J Clin Invest, 115, 1343, 10.1172/JCI23621 Cummings, 1995, Acute hyperinsulinemia decreases the hepatic secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 in NIDDM, Diabetes, 44, 1059, 10.2337/diabetes.44.9.1059 Charlton, 2002, Apolipoprotein synthesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 35, 898, 10.1053/jhep.2002.32527 Oakes, 1997, Mechanisms of liver and muscle insulin resistance induced by chronic high-fat feeding, Diabetes, 46, 1768, 10.2337/diabetes.46.11.1768 Seppala-Lindroos, 2002, Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 3023, 10.1210/jc.87.7.3023 Shulman, 2000, Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance, J Clin Invest, 106, 171, 10.1172/JCI10583 Samuel, 2004, Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, J Biol Chem, 279, 32345, 10.1074/jbc.M313478200 Rebrin, 1995, Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin, Diabetes, 44, 1038, 10.2337/diabetes.44.9.1038 Lam, 2003, Free fatty acids increase basal hepatic glucose production and induce hepatic insulin resistance at different sites, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 284, E281, 10.1152/ajpendo.00332.2002 Petersen, 2005, Reversal of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia by moderate weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 54, 603, 10.2337/diabetes.54.3.603 Jansen, 2004, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Neth J Med, 62, 217 Chitturi, 2001, Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Semin Liver Dis, 21, 27, 10.1055/s-2001-12927 Oliveira, 2005, Lipid peroxidation in bariatric candidates with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—preliminary findings, Obes Surg, 15, 502, 10.1381/0960892053723493 Fernández-Real, 2003, Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome, Endocr Rev, 24, 278, 10.1210/er.2002-0010 Kugelmas, 2003, Cytokines and NASH: a pilot study of the effects of lifestyle modification and vitamin E, Hepatology, 38, 413, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50316 Bahcecioglu, 2005, Levels of serum hyaluronic acid, TNF-alpha and IL-8 in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatogastroenterology, 52, 1549 López-Bermejo, 2005, Potential role of interleukin-18 in liver disease associated with insulin resistance, Obes Res, 13, 1925, 10.1038/oby.2005.237 Esteve, 2005, Dyslipidemia and inflammation: an evolutionary conserved mechanism, Clin Nutr, 24, 16, 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.08.004 Li, 2003, Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hepatology, 37, 343, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50048 Tilg, 2000, Cytokines in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, N Engl J Med, 343, 1467, 10.1056/NEJM200011163432007 Pérez-Carreras, 2003, Defective hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 38, 999, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50398 Chawla, 1998, S-adenosylmethionine deficiency and TNF-alpha in lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic injury, Am J Physiol, 275, G125 Maeda, 2002, Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30, Nat Med, 8, 731, 10.1038/nm724 Kaser, 2005, Adiponectin and its receptors in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Gut, 54, 117, 10.1136/gut.2003.037010 Targher, 2004, Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations are closely associated with nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis in obese individuals, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 61, 700, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02151.x Bugianesi, 2005, Plasma adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver is related to hepatic insulin resistance and hepatic fat content, not to liver disease severity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 3498, 10.1210/jc.2004-2240 Bajaj, 2003, Metabolic and molecular basis of insulin resistance, J Nucl Cardiol, 10, 311, 10.1016/S1071-3581(03)00520-8 Musso, 2005, Hypoadiponectinemia predicts the severity of hepatic fibrosis and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in nondiabetic nonobese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Am J Gastroenterol, 100, 2438, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00297.x Xu, 2003, The fatderived hormone adiponectin alleviates alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in mice, J Clin Invest, 112, 91, 10.1172/JCI200317797 Hui, 2004, Beyond insulin resistance in NASH: TNF-alpha or adiponectin?, Hepatology, 40, 46, 10.1002/hep.20280 Ozata, 1999, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, 3686, 10.1210/jc.84.10.3686 Clement, 1998, A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction, Nature, 392, 398, 10.1038/32911 Montague, 1997, Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans, Nature, 387, 903, 10.1038/43185 Uygun, 2000, Serum leptin levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Am J Gastroenterol, 95, 3584, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03297.x Tobe, 1999, Relationship between serum leptin and fatty liver in Japanese male adolescent university students, Am J Gastroenterol, 94, 3328, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01549.x Simha, 2003, Effect of leptin replacement on intrahepatic and intramyocellular lipid content in patients with generalized lipodystrophy, Diabetes Care, 26, 30, 10.2337/diacare.26.1.30 Petersen, 2002, Leptin reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy, J Clin Invest, 109, 1345, 10.1172/JCI0215001 Javor, 2005, Leptin reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with severe lipodystrophy, Hepatology, 41, 753, 10.1002/hep.20672 Golstein, 2002, Insulin resistance as the core defect in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Am J Cardiol, 90, 3G, 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02553-5 Felber, 2002, Pathways from obesity to diabetes, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 26, S39, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802126 Huang, 2005, One-year intense nutritional counseling results in histological improvement in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study, Am J Gastroenterol, 100, 1072, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41334.x Palmer, 1990, Effect of weight reduction on hepatic abnormalities in overweight patients, Gastroenterology, 99, 1408, 10.1016/0016-5085(90)91169-7 Méndez-Sánchez, 2004, Weight reduction and ursodeoxycholic acid in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A double-blind, placebocontrolled trial, Ann Hepatol, 3, 108, 10.1016/S1665-2681(19)32103-9 Srivastava, 2005, Morbid obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and weight loss surgery, Hepatology, 42, 490, 10.1002/hep.20782 Mottin, 2005, Histological behavior of hepatic steatosis in morbidly obese patients after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery, Obes Surg, 15, 788, 10.1381/0960892054222830 Stratopoulos, 2005, Changes in liver histology accompanying massive weight loss after gastroplasty for morbid obesity, Obes Surg, 15, 1154, 10.1381/0960892055002239 Harrison, 2004, A pilot study of orlistat treatment in obese, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 20, 623, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02153.x Sabuncu, 2003, The effects of sibutramine and orlistat on the ultrasonographic findings, insulin resistance and liver enzyme levels in obese patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Rom J Gastroenterol, 12, 189 Nair, 2004, Metformin in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot open label trial, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 20, 23, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02025.x Lin, 2000, Metformin reverses fatty liver disease in obese, leptin-deficient mice, Nat Med, 6, 998, 10.1038/79697 Bugianesi, 2005, A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Am J Gastroenterol, 100, 1082, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41583.x Hockings, 2003, Rapid reversal of hepatic steatosis, and reduction of muscle triglyceride, by rosiglitazone: MRI/S studies in Zucker fatty rats, Diabetes Obes Metab, 5, 234, 10.1046/j.1463-1326.2003.00268.x Shadid, 2003, Effect of pioglitazone on biochemical indices of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in upper body obesity, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1, 384, 10.1053/S1542-3565(03)00198-8 Neuschwander-Tetri, 2003, Improved nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after 48 weeks of treatment with the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone, Hepatology, 38, 1008, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50420 Kawaguchi, 2004, Pioglitazone prevents hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and enzymealtered lesions in rat liver cirrhosis induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 315, 187, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.038 Promrat, 2004, A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Hepatology, 39, 188, 10.1002/hep.20012 Sanyal, 2004, A pilot study of vitamin E versus vitamin E and pioglitazone for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2, 1107, 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00457-4 Boden, 2005, Thiazolidinediones upregulate fatty acid uptake and oxidation in adipose tissue of diabetic patients, Diabetes, 54, 880, 10.2337/diabetes.54.3.880 Bajaj, 2004, Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations are closely related to hepatic fat content and hepatic insulin resistance in pioglitazone-treated type 2 diabetic patients, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 200, 10.1210/jc.2003-031315 Sutinen, 2003, Rosiglitazone in the treatment of HAART-associated lipodystrophy—a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, Antivir Ther, 8, 199, 10.1177/135965350300800303 Bajaj, 2004, Sustained reduction in plasma free fatty acid concentration improves insulin action without altering plasma adipocytokine levels in subjects with strong family history of type 2 diabetes, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 4649, 10.1210/jc.2004-0224