Establishing Validity Evidence for Parallel Patient-Provider Empathy Scales to Drive Self-reflection

Ratka, 2018, Empathy and the development of affective skills, Am J Pharm Educ, 82, 7192, 10.5688/ajpe7192 Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education . Accreditation standards and key elements for the professional program in pharmacy leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy degree: “Standards 2016”. https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/Standards2016FINAL.pdf. Accessed October 18, 2022. Medina, 2013, Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education 2013 educational outcomes, Am J Pharm Educ, 77, 162, 10.5688/ajpe778162 Karpen, 2018, The social psychology of biased self-assessment, Am J Pharm Educ, 82, 10.5688/ajpe6299 Sturpe, 2010, Objective structured clinical examinations in doctor of pharmacy programs in the United States, Am J Pharm Educ, 74, 148, 10.5688/aj7408148 Tatachar, 2020, Reflective metacognition and objective structured clinical examination performance in introductory pharmacy practice experiences, Curr Pharm Teach Learn, 12, 1208, 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.04.030 Kiersma, 2013, Validation of an empathy scale in pharmacy and nursing students, Am J Pharm Educ, 77, 94, 10.5688/ajpe77594 Aronson, 2022, Evaluation and revision of the Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale, Am J Pharm Educ, 86, 8685, 10.5688/ajpe8685 O’Connor, 2000, SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and velicer’s MAP test, Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput, 32, 396, 10.3758/BF03200807 Kaiser, 1974, An index of factorial simplicity, Psychometrika, 39, 31, 10.1007/BF02291575 Bleakley, 2008, Students learning from patients: let’s get real in medical education, Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 13, 89, 10.1007/s10459-006-9028-0 Jubraj, 2016, Why we should understand the patient experience: clinical empathy and medicines optimisation, Int J Pharm Pract, 24, 367, 10.1111/ijpp.12268 Tamayo, 2016, Cognitive, behavioral and emotional empathy in pharmacy students: targeting programs for curriculum modification, Front Pharmacol, 7 Psychology Today . Dunning-Kruger effect. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/dunning-kruger-effect. Accessed October 18, 2022. Smith, 2017, The complexity of empathy during medical school training: evidence for positive changes, Med Educ, 51, 1146, 10.1111/medu.13398 Watanabe, 2018, Relationship of trainee dentists’ self-reported empathy and communication behaviors with simulated patients’ assessment in medical interviews, PLoS One, 13, e0203970, 10.1371/journal.pone.0203970 Bernardo, 2019, Investigating the relation between self-assessment and patients’ assessments of physicians-in-training empathy: a multicentric, observational, cross-sectional study in three teaching hospitals in Brazil, BMJ Open, 9, 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029356 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Student applications, enrollments and degrees conferred reports . https://www.aacp.org/research/institutional-research/student-applications-enrollments-and-degrees-conferred. Accessed October 18, 2022.