Essential fatty acids in neonatal nutrition

Burr, 1929, A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet, J Biol Chem, 82, 345, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)78281-5 Burr, 1930, On the nature and role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition, J Biol Chem, 86, 587, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)78929-5 Wheeler, 1975, Visual membranes: specificity of fatty acid precursors for the electrical response to illumination, Science, 188, 1312, 10.1126/science.1145197 Lamptey, 1976, A possible essential role for dietary linolenic acid in the development of the young rat, J Nutr, 106, 86, 10.1093/jn/106.1.86 Hansen, 1958, Essential fatty acids and infant nutrition, Pediatrics, 21, 494 Crawford, 1978, Essential fatty acid requirements in infancy, Am J Clin Nutr, 31, 2181, 10.1093/ajcn/31.12.2181 Sprecher, 1992, Interconversions between 20- and 22-carbon n−3 and n−6 fatty acids via 4-desaturase dependent pathways, 18 Salem, 1986, Docosahexaenoic acid: membrane function and metabolism, 263 Bourre, 1984, Alterations in the fatty acid composition of rat brain cells (neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and of subcellular fractions (myelin and synaptosomes) induced by a diet devoid of n−3 fatty acids, J Neurochem, 43, 342, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb00906.x Anderson, 1970, Lipids of ocular tissues. IV. A comparison of the phospholipids from the retina of six mammalian species, Exp Eye Res, 10, 339, 10.1016/S0014-4835(70)80046-X Anderson, 1971, Lipids of ocular tissues. IX. The phospholipids of frog photoreceptor membranes, Vision Res, 14, 129, 10.1016/0042-6989(74)90127-8 Clandinin, 1994, Relationships between fatty acid accretion, membrane composition, and biologic functions, J Pediatr, 125, 25, 10.1016/S0022-3476(06)80733-X Neuringer, 1993, The relationship of fatty acid composition to function in the retina and visual system, 134 Dratz, 1992, The molecular spring model for the function of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6w−3) in biological membranes, 122 Paoletti, 1972, Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on the central nervous system in the growing rat, 9 Koletzko, 1991, Arachidonic acid and early human growth: is there a relation?, Ann Nutr Metab, 35, 128, 10.1159/000177636 Leaf, 1992, Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and fetal growth, Early Hum Dev, 30, 183, 10.1016/0378-3782(92)90068-R Kuhn, 1986, Placental essential fatty acid transport and prostaglandin synthesis, Prog Lipid Res, 23, 345, 10.1016/0163-7827(86)90072-X Crawford, 1976, Essential fatty acids and fetal brain growth, Lancet, 1, 452, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)91476-8 Holman, 1991, Deficiency of essential fatty acids and membrane fluidity during pregnancy and lactation, Proc Natl Sci USA, 88, 4835, 10.1073/pnas.88.11.4835 Clandinin, 1980, Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: implications for fatty acid requirements, Early Hum Dev, 4, 121, 10.1016/0378-3782(80)90015-8 Hornstra, 1992, Essential fatty acids, pregnancy and pregnancy complications: a round table discussion, 177 Martinez, 1992, Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development, J Pediatr, 120, 129, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81247-8 Martinez, 1988, Lipids of the developing human retina: I. Total fatty acids, plasmalogens, and fatty acid composition of ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides, J Neurosci Res, 20, 484, 10.1002/jnr.490200412 Leaf, 1992, Factors affecting long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides in preterm infants, J Paediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 14, 300, 10.1097/00005176-199204000-00011 Putman, 1982, The effect of variations in dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in human infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 36, 106, 10.1093/ajcn/36.1.106 Carlson, 1986, Docosahexaenoic acid status of preterm infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula, Am J Clin Nutr, 44, 798, 10.1093/ajcn/44.6.798 Farquarson, 1992, Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty acid composition and diet, Lancet, 340, 810, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92684-8 Makrides, 1994, Fatty acid composition of brain, retina and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants, Am J Clin Nutr, 60, 189, 10.1093/ajcn/60.2.189 Hrboticky, 1990, Effect of a vegetable oil formula rich in linoleic acid on tissue fatty acid accretion in the brain, liver, plasma and erythrocytes of infant piglets, Am J Clin Nutr, 51, 173, 10.1093/ajcn/51.2.173 Neuringer, 1984, Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and visual loss in infant rhesus monkeys, J Clin Invest, 73, 272, 10.1172/JCI111202 Neuringer, 1986, Biochemcial and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal w−3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83, 4021, 10.1073/pnas.83.11.4021 Reisbeck, 1990, Polydipsia in rhesus monkeys deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, Physiol Behav, 47, 315, 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90149-X Neuringer, 1994, The role of n−3 fatty acids in visual and cognitive development: current evidence and methods of assessment, J Pediatr, 125, 39, 10.1016/S0022-3476(06)80735-3 Uauy, 1990, Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very-low-birth-weight neonates, Pediatr Res, 28, 485, 10.1203/00006450-199011000-00014 Birch, 1992, Retinal development in very-low-birthweight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids, Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 33, 2365 Carlson, 1993, Visual acuity development in healthy preterm infants: effect of marine oil supplementation, Am J Clin Nutr, 58, 35, 10.1093/ajcn/58.1.35 Makrides, 1993, Erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid correlates with the visual response of healthy term infants, Pediatr Res, 34, 425 Lucas, 1992, Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm, Lancet, 339, 261, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91329-7 Carlson, 1992, Growth and development of very low-birthweight infants in relation to n−3 and n−6 essential fatty acids, 192 Kennedy, 1989, Dietary antioxidants in the prevention of oxygen-induced injury, Semin Perinatol, 13, 97 Uauy, 1994, Safety and efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in the nutrition of very low birth weight infants: soy oil and marine oil supplementation of formula, J Pediatr, 124, 612, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)83144-0 Innis, 1994, Fatty acids in human and formula milk, 155 ESPGAN (European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition), 1987, Committee on Nutrition of the Preterm Infant: Nutrition and feeding of preterm infants, Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl, 336 ESPGAN Committee on Nutrition, 1991, Comment on the content and composition of lipids in infant formulas, Acta Paediatr Scand, 80, 887, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11969.x