Esophageal motility disorders

Vantrappen, 1987, Esophageal transit and motility, 281 Meyer, 1986, Muscle anatomy of the human esophagus, J Clin Gastroenterol, 8, 131, 10.1097/00004836-198604000-00005 Gabella, 1981, Gap junctions of the muscles of the small and large intestine, Cell Tissue Res, 219, 469, 10.1007/BF00209987 Daniel, 1984, Neuromuscular structures in opossum esophagus: Role of interstitial cells of Cajal, Am J Physiol, 246, G305 Smith, 1976, The autonomic innervation of the esophagus, Clin Gastroenterol, 5, 1, 10.1016/S0300-5089(21)00130-9 Seelig, 1978, Morphological evaluation of opossum lower esophageal sphincter, Gastroenterology, 75, 51, 10.1016/0016-5085(78)93763-0 Christensen, 1984, Origin of sensation in the esophagus, Am J Physiol, 246, G221 Christensen, 1984, Origin of sensation in the esophagus, Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 9, G221, 10.1152/ajpgi.1984.246.3.G221 Weisbrodt, 1976, Neuromuscular organization of esophageal and pharyngeal motility, Arch Intern Med, 136, 524, 10.1001/archinte.1976.03630050018005 Hazarika, 1964, Gastrointestinal dorsal root viscerotomes in the cat, J Neurophysiol, 27, 107, 10.1152/jn.1964.27.2.107 El-Ouazzani, 1982, Electrophysiological properties and role of vagal thermoreceptors of lower esophagus and stomach of cat, Gastroenterology, 83, 995, 10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80065-6 Corazziari, 1978, Intraluminal pH and esophageal motility, Gastroenterology, 75, 275, 10.1016/0016-5085(78)90416-X Clerc, 1983, Vagal mechanoreceptors located in the lower esophageal sphincter of the cat, J Physiol (Lond), 336, 487, 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014593 1985, 1436 1977, 259 Ingelfinger, 1958, Esophageal motility, Physiol Rev, 38, 533, 10.1152/physrev.1958.38.4.533 Goyal, 1981, Motility of the pharynx, esophagus, and esophageal sphincters Atkinson, 1957, The dynamics of swallowing: I. Normal pharyngeal mechanisms, J Clin Invest, 36, 581, 10.1172/JCI103457 Ellis, 1971, Upper esophageal sphincter in health and disease, Surg Clin North Am, 51, 553, 10.1016/S0039-6109(16)39430-0 Gates, 1980, Upper esophageal sphincters: Pre- and post-laryngectomy, a normative study, Laryngoscope, 90, 454, 10.1002/lary.5540900312 VanOverbeck, 1977 Palmer, 1976, Disorders of the cricopharyngeus muscle: A review, Gastroenterology, 71, 510, 10.1016/S0016-5085(76)80466-0 Castell, 1984, Sphincters of the esophagus, Neth J Med, 27, 234 Seaman, 1966, Cineroentgenographic observations of the cricopharyngeus, AJR, 96, 922, 10.2214/ajr.96.4.922 Doty, 1968, Neural organization of deglutition, vol IV, 1861 Lerche, 1950 Goyal, 1976, The lower esophageal sphincter, Viewpoints Dig Dis, vol. 8 Goyal, 1970, Pressure inversion point at the upper high pressure zone and its genesis, Gastroenterology, 59, 754, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)33685-6 Asoh, 1978, Manometry and electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter in the opossum, Gastroenterology, 74, 514, 10.1016/0016-5085(78)90288-3 Gerhardt, 1980, Human upper esophageal sphincter pressure profile, Am J Physiol, 239, G49 Winans, 1972, The pharyngoesophageal closure mechanism: A manometric study, Gastroenterology, 63, 768, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)33209-3 Welch, 1979, Manometry of the normal upper esophageal sphincter and its alterations in laryngectomy, J Clin Invest, 63, 1036, 10.1172/JCI109372 Stanciu, 1974, Upper esophageal yield pressure in normal subjects and in patients with gastroesophageal reflux, Thorax, 29, 459, 10.1136/thx.29.4.459 Gerhardt, 1978, Human upper esophageal sphincter: Response to volume, osmotic, and acid stimuli, Gastroenterology, 75, 268, 10.1016/0016-5085(78)90415-8 Creamer, 1957, Motor responses of the esophagus to distension, J Appl Physiol, 10, 498, 10.1152/jappl.1957.10.3.498 Code, 1968, Motor action of the esophagus and its sphincters, vol IV, 1821 Trop, 1970, Localization of recording site in the esophagus by means of cardiac artifacts, J Appl Physiol, 29, 283, 10.1152/jappl.1970.29.3.283 Winans, 1977, Manometric asymmetry of the lower esophageal high pressure zone, Dig Dis, 22, 348, 10.1007/BF01072193 Welch, 1980, Normal lower esophageal sphincter pressure: A comparison of rapid versus slow pull-through techniques, Gastroenterology, 78, 1446, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)30499-8 Boyle, 1985, Role of the diaphragm in the genesis of lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the cat, Gastroenterology, 88, 723, 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90143-X Winans, 1972, Alteration of lower esophageal sphincter characteristics with respiration and proximal balloon distension, Gastroenterology, 62, 380, 10.1016/S0016-5085(72)80142-2 Itoh, 1980, Control of lower esophageal sphincter contractile activity by motilin in conscious dogs, Am J Dig Dis, 23, 341, 10.1007/BF01072418 Dent, 1983, Interdigestive phasic contractions of the human lower esophageal sphincter, Gastroenterology, 84, 453, 10.1016/0016-5085(83)90067-7 Dodds, 1975, Effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on lower esophageal sphincter pressure, Dig Dis, 20, 298, 10.1007/BF01237786 Castell, 1975, The lower esophageal sphincter-physiologic and clinical aspects, Ann Intern Med, 83, 390, 10.7326/0003-4819-83-3-390 Lind, 1968, The effect of atropine on the gastroesophageal sphincter, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 46, 223, 10.1139/y68-039 Blackman, 1971, Transabdominal vagotomy and lower esophageal function, Arch Surg, 102, 6, 10.1001/archsurg.1971.01350010008002 Mazur, 1973, Effect of transabdominal vagotomy on the human gastroesophageal high-pressure zone, Surgery, 73, 818 Mann, 1968, The effect of vagotomy on the human gastroesophageal sphincter, Gut, 9, 688, 10.1136/gut.9.6.688 Goyal, 1976, Genesis of basal sphincter pressure: Effect of tetrodotoxin on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in opossum in vivo, Gastroenterology, 71 6, 62, 10.1016/S0016-5085(76)80098-4 Christensen, 1970, Pharmacologic identification of the lower esophageal sphincter, J Clin Invest, 49, 681, 10.1172/JCI106280 Zelcer, 1984, Electrical and mechanical activity in the lower esophageal sphincter of the cat, Am J Physiol, 246, G243 Fox, 1979, Role of Ca++ in the genesis of lower esophageal sphincter tone and other active contractions, Am J Physiol, 237, E163 Goyal, 1980, Effects of sodium nitroprusside and verapamil on lower esophageal sphincter, Am J Physiol, 238, 640 Richter, 1982, Verapamil—a potent inhibitor of esophageal function in the baboon, Gastroenterology, 82, 882, 10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80250-3 DeCarle, 1976, A dopamine receptor, in esophageal smooth muscle of the opossum, Gastroenterology, 70, 216, 10.1016/S0016-5085(76)80012-1 Dilawari, 1975, Response of the human cardiac sphincter to circulating prostaglandins F2α and E2 and to anti-inflammatory drugs, Gut, 16, 137, 10.1136/gut.16.2.137 Mukhopadhyay, 1978, Effect of substance P on the lower esophageal sphincter of the opossum, Gastroenterology, 75, 278, 10.1016/0016-5085(78)90417-1 Rattan, 1983, Identification and localization of opoid receptors in the opossum lower esophageal sphincter, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 224, 391 Dowlatshahi, 1985, Influence of morphine on the distal esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter—a manometric study, Gut, 26, 802, 10.1136/gut.26.8.802 Giles, 1969, Action of gastrin on the lower esophageal sphincter in man, Gut, 10, 730, 10.1136/gut.10.9.730 Castell, 1970, Hormonal control of gastroesophageal sphincter strength, N Engl J Med, 282, 886, 10.1056/NEJM197004162821602 Castell, 1971, Lower esophageal sphincter response to gastric alkalinization-a new mechanism for treatment of heartburn with antacids, Ann Intern Med, 74, 223, 10.7326/0003-4819-74-2-223 Lipshutz, 1972, The genesis of lower esophageal sphincter pressure: Its identification through the use of gastrin antiserum, J Clin Invest, 51, 522, 10.1172/JCI106840 Higgs, 1974, Gastric alkalinization effect on lower esophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin, N Engl J Med, 291, 486, 10.1056/NEJM197409052911002 Higgs, 1974, Cholinergic response of the lower esophageal sphincter following antrectomy and/or vagotomy, abstract, Clin Res, 22, 360 Morris, 1974, Relationship of serum gastrin and lower esophageal sphincter pressure in normals and patients with antrectomy, abstract, Gastroenterology, 66, 750 Goyal, 1976, Is gastrin a major determinant of basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure. A double-blind controlled study using high titer gastrin antiserum, J Clin Invest, 57, 291, 10.1172/JCI108280 Cohen, 1971, Hormonal regulation of human lower esophageal sphincter competence: Interaction of gastrin and secretin, J Clin Invest, 50, 449, 10.1172/JCI106512 Nebel, 1972, Lower esophageal sphincter pressure changes after food ingestion, Gastroenterology, 63, 778, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)33219-6 Uddman, 1978, Peptidergic (VIP) innervation of the esophagus, Gastroenterology, 75, 5, 10.1016/0016-5085(78)93755-1 Rattan, 1977, Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), 155, 40 Siegel, 1979, Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on lower esophageal sphincter in awake baboons—compari-son with glucagon and secretin, Dig Dis Sci, 24, 345, 10.1007/BF01297119 Goyal, 1980, VIP as a possible neurotransmitter of non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic inhibitory neurons, Nature, 288, 378, 10.1038/288378a0 Dodds, 1978, Pregnancy and the lower esophageal sphincter, Gastroenterology, 74, 1334, 10.1016/0016-5085(78)90720-5 Van Thiel, 1976, Lower esophageal sphincter pressure in women using sequential oral contraceptives, Gastroenterology, 71, 232, 10.1016/S0016-5085(76)80193-X Van Thiel DH, Gavaler JS, Stremple J: Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during normal menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 134:64–67. Meyer, 1982, Physiology of the esophagus, Clin Gastroenterol, 11, 439, 10.1016/S0300-5089(21)00539-3 Kaye, 1981, Alteration of esophageal peristalsis by body position, Dig Dis Sci, 26, 897, 10.1007/BF01309493 Dodds, 1975, Quantitation of pharyngeal motor function in normal human subjects, J Appl Physiol, 39, 692, 10.1152/jappl.1975.39.4.692 Cohen, 1968, Cineradiographic and intraluminal correlations in the pharynx and esophagus, vol IV, 1841 Carr, 1970, L'activité spontaneé du sphincter oesophagien superieur chez le mouton, J Physiol (Paris), 62, 505 Fyke, 1955, Resting and deglutition pressures in the pharyngoesophageal region, Gastroenterology, 29, 24, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)36057-3 Vantrappen, 1974, Electromyography of the esophagus, 270 Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ: Unpublished data, 1987. richter, 1987, Relationship of radionuclide liquid bolus transport and esophageal manometry, J Lab Clin Med, 109, 217 Humphries, 1977, Pressure profile of esophageal peristalsis in normal humans as measured by direct intraesophageal transducers, Am J Dig Dis, 22, 641, 10.1007/BF01073085 Sarna, 1985, Cyclic motor activity; migrating motor complex: 1985, Gastroenterology, 89, 894, 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90589-X Asoh, 1978, Electrical activity of the opossum lower esophageal sphincter in vivo, Gastroenterology, 74, 835, 10.1016/0016-5085(78)90137-3 Cohen, 1979, Motor disorders of the esophagus, N Engl J Med, 301, 184, 10.1056/NEJM197907263010404 Roman, 1966, Centrôle nerveux du péristaltisme oesophagien, J Physiol (Paris), 58, 79 Siebert, 1959, Variations in the roentgen appearance of the “esophageal lip”, Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 81, 570 Lawn, 1966, The localization, in the nucleus ambiguous of the rabbit, of the cells of origin of motor nerve fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve and various branches of the vagus nerve by means of retrograde degeneration, J Comp Neurol, 127, 293, 10.1002/cne.901270210 Weinstock, 1987, Esophageal physiology: Normal and abnormal motor function, Am J Gastroenterol, 82, 399 Roman, 1972, Enregistrement de l'activite unitaire des fibres motrices vagales destinees a l'oesophage du babouin, J Physiol (Paris), 64, 179 Gidda, 1984, Swallow-evoked action potentials in vagal preganglionic efferents, J Neurophysiol, 52, 1169, 10.1152/jn.1984.52.6.1169 Sugarbaker, 1984, Swallowing induces sequential activation of esophageal longitudinal smooth muscle, Am J Physiol, 247, G515 Sugarbaker, 1984, Swallowing induces sequential activation of esophageal longitudinal smooth muscle, Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 10 Mukhopadhyay, 1975, Neural organization of esophageal peristalsis: Role of the vagus nerve, Gastroenterology, 68, 444, 10.1016/S0016-5085(75)80080-1 Christensen, 1973, Some physiologic characteristics of the esophagogastric junction in the opossum, Gastroenterology, 64, 1119, 10.1016/S0016-5085(73)80066-6 Christensen, 1969, Esophageal responses to distension and electrical stimulation, J Clin Invest, 48, 408, 10.1172/JCI105998 Christensen, 1970, Patterns and origins of some esophageal responses to stretch and electrical stimulation, Gastroenterology, 59, 909, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)33652-2 Weisbrodt, 1972, Gradients of contraction in the opossum esophagus, Gastroenterology, 62, 1159, 10.1016/S0016-5085(72)80084-2 Christensen, 1979, Some determinants of latency of off response to electrical field stimulation in circular layer of smooth muscle of opossum esophagus, Gastroenterology, 77, 677, 10.1016/0016-5085(79)90220-8 Kannan, 1985, Electrical properties of smooth muscle cell membrane of opossum esophagus, Am J Physiol, 248, G342 Hollis, 1975, Effect of dry swallows and wet swallows of different volumes on esophageal peristalsis, J Appl Physiol, 38, 1161, 10.1152/jappl.1975.38.6.1161 Dodds, 1973, A comparison between primary esophageal peristalsis following wet and dry swallows, J Appl Physiol, 35, 851, 10.1152/jappl.1973.35.6.851 Madsen, 1983, Esophageal peristalsis in normal subjects: Influence of pH and volume during imitated gastroesophageal reflux, Scand J Gastroenterol, 18, 413, 10.3109/00365528309181631 Kravitz, 1978, Effect of thoracic vagotomy and vagal stimulation on esophageal function, Am J Physiol, 234, E359 Barone, 1984, Effects of hindbrain stimulation on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the cat, Am J Physiol, 247, G70 Reynolds, 1984, A lower esophageal sphincter reflex involving substance P, Am J Physiol, 246, G346 Goyal, 1979, Influence of VIP antiserum on lower esophageal sphincter relaxation: Possible evidence of VIP as the inhibitory neurotransmitter, Gastroenterology, 76, 1142 Goyal, 1975, Nature of vagal inhibitory innervation to the lower esophageal sphincter, J Clin Invest, 55, 1119, 10.1172/JCI108013 Hightower, 1955, Esophageal motility in health and disease, Dis Chest, 28, 150, 10.1378/chest.28.2.150 Meyer, 1981, Human esophageal response to rapid swallowing: Muscle refractory period of neural inhibition, Am J Physiol, 241, G129 Meyer, 1981, Human esophageal response to rapid swallowing: Muscle refractory period of neural inhibition, Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 4 Mellow, 1983, Esophageal motility during food ingestion: A physiologic test of esophageal motor functions, Gastroenterology, 85, 570, 10.1016/0016-5085(83)90009-4 Hellemans, 1974, Physiology (of the esophagus), 40 Janssens, 1978 Vantrappen, 1971, The esophagus, in postgraduate course, 26 Dodds, 1977, Current concepts of esophageal motor function: Clinical implications for radiology, AJR, 128, 549, 10.2214/ajr.128.4.549 Halpert, 1985, Radiological assessment of dysphagia with endoscopic correlation, Radiology, 157, 599, 10.1148/radiology.157.3.4059545 Ott, 1981, Efficacy of radiology of the esophagus for evaluation of dysphagia, Gastrointest Radiol, 6, 109, 10.1007/BF01890233 Ott, 1986, Radiologic evaluation of dysphagia, JAMA, 256, 2718, 10.1001/jama.1986.03380190088031 Kazem, 1972, A new scintigraphic technique for the study of the esophagus, AJR, 115, 681, 10.2214/ajr.115.4.681 Russell, 1981, Radionuclide transit: A sensitive screening test for esophageal dysfunction, Gastroenterology, 80, 887, 10.1016/0016-5085(81)90055-X DeCaestecker, 1986, Clinical value of radionuclide esophageal transit measurement, Gut, 27, 659, 10.1136/gut.27.6.659 Mughal, 1986, Scintigraphic assessment of esophageal motility: What does it show and how reliable is it?, Gut, 27, 946, 10.1136/gut.27.8.946 Kronecker, 1883, Der Schluckmechanismus, seine Erregung and seine Hemmung, Arch Anat Physiol, 7, 328 Code, 1958, The pressure profile of the gastroesophageal sphincter in man: An improved method of detection, 33, 406 Dodds, 1976, Instrumentation and methods for intraluminal esophageal manometry, Arch Intern Med, 136, 515, 10.1001/archinte.1976.03630050009004 Stef, 1974, Intraluminal esophageal manometry: An analysis of variables affecting recording fidelity of peristaltic pressures, Gastroenterology, 67, 221, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32883-5 Arndorfer, 1977, Improved infusion system for intraluminal esophageal manometry, Gastroenterology, 73, 23, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32264-4 Dodds, 1980, Measurement of LES pressure, Gastroenterology, 79, 588, 10.1016/0016-5085(80)90392-3 Dent, 1976, A new technique for continuous sphincter pressure measurement, Gastroenterology, 71, 263, 10.1016/S0016-5085(76)80199-0 Richter, 1987, Esophageal manometry in 95 healthy adult volunteers variability of pressures with age and frequency of “abnormal” contractions, Dig Dis Sci, 32, 583, 10.1007/BF01296157 Janisch, 1983, Wet swallows stimulate abnormal esophageal contractions in patients with esophageal motility disorders, Gut, 24, A357 Dodds, 1978, The effects of bolus temperature on esophageal peristalsis, Gastroenterology, 74, 1028 Fine, 1984, Esophageal motility: Effect of solid bolus and body position, Gastroenterology, 86, 1076 Humphries, 1977, Pressure profile of esophageal peristalsis in normal humans as measured by direct intraesophageal transducers, Dig Dis, 22, 641, 10.1007/BF01073085 Castell, 1986, Computer analysis of human esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter pressure: II. An interactive system for online data collection and analysis, Dig Dis Sci, 31, 1211, 10.1007/BF01296521 Green WER, Castell JA, Castell DO: Upper esophageal sphincter pressure: Is an oval manometry catheter necessary? Dysphagia (in press). Tibbling, 1986, Electromyography of human esophageal smooth muscle, Scand J Gastroenterol, 21, 559, 10.3109/00365528609003100 Pelemans, 1987, 297 Blackwell, 1983, Motility disorders of the lower esophagus, Surv Dig Dis, 1, 157, 10.1159/000171063 Cattau, 1982, Symptoms of esophageal dysfunction, Adv Intern Med, 27, 151 Clouse, 1983, Manometric findings during spontaneous chest pain in patients with presumed esophageal “spasms”, Gastroenterology, 85, 395, 10.1016/0016-5085(83)90329-3 Mellow, 1983, Esophageal acid perfusion in coronary artery disease: Induction of myocardial ischemia, Gastroenterology, 85, 306, 10.1016/0016-5085(83)90315-3 Eckardt, 1974, Supersensitivity to pentagastrin in diffuse esophageal spasm, Gut, 15, 706, 10.1136/gut.15.9.706 Benjamin, 1983, Prospective manometric evaluation with pharmacologic provocation of patients with suspected esophageal motility dysfunction, Gastroenterology, 84, 893, 10.1016/0016-5085(83)90187-7 Nostrant, 1986, Bethanecol increases the diagnostic yield in patients with esophageal chest, Gastroenterology, 91, 1141, 10.1016/S0016-5085(86)80009-9 Herrington, 1984, Chest pain and dysphagia in patients with prolonged peristaltic contractile duration of the esophagus, Dig Dis Sci, 29, 134, 10.1007/BF01317054 Eastwood, 1981, Use of ergonovine to identify esophageal spasm in patients with chest pain, Ann Intern Med, 94, 768, 10.7326/0003-4819-94-6-768 Lee, 1985, Chest pain-esophageal, cardiac, or both?, Am J Gastroenterol, 80, 320 Richter, 1985, Edrophonium: A useful provocative test for esophageal chest pain, Ann Intern Med, 103, 14, 10.7326/0003-4819-103-1-14 Katz, 1987, Esophageal testing of patients with noncardiac chest pain or dysphagia-results of three years experience with 1161 patients, Ann Intern Med, 106, 593, 10.7326/0003-4819-106-4-593 Lee, 1987, Esophageal chest pain-value of highdose provocative testing with edrophonium chloride in patients with normal esophageal manometrics, Dig Dis Sci, 32, 682, 10.1007/BF01296132 Richter, 1986, Abnormal sensory perception in patients with esophageal chest pain, Gastroenterology, 91, 845, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90685-2 Barish, 1986, Graded esophageal balloon distensiona new provocative test for noncardiac chest pain, Dig Dis Sci, 31, 1292, 10.1007/BF01299805 Edwards, 1970, Flow charts, diagnostic keys, and algorithms in the diagnosis of dysphagia, Scott Med, 15, 378, 10.1177/003693307001501005 Johnson, 1983, Diagnostic imaging procedure volume in the United States, Radiology, 146, 851, 10.1148/radiology.146.3.6828707 Kemp, 1973, The anginal syndrome associated with normal coronary arteriograms, Am J Med, 54, 735, 10.1016/0002-9343(73)90060-0 Ockene, 1980, Unexplained chest pain in patients with normal coronary arteriograms, N Engl J Med, 303, 1249, 10.1056/NEJM198011273032201 Ward, 1987, Long-term follow-up of symptomatic status of patients with non-cardiac chest pain, Am J Gastroenterol, 82, 215 Clouse, 1985, Esophageal motility disorders and chest pain, Arch Intern Med, 145, 903, 10.1001/archinte.1985.00360050171029 Gelfand, 1987, Esophageal motility disorders: A clinical overview, Am J Gastroenterol, 82, 181 Henderson, 1978, Atypical chest pain of cardiac and esophageal origin, Chest, 73, 24, 10.1378/chest.73.1.24 Clouse, 1983, Psychiatric illness and contraction abnormalities of the esophagus, N Engl J Med, 309, 1337, 10.1056/NEJM198312013092201 Richter, 1986, Psychological comparison of patients with nutcracker esophagus and irritable bowel syndrome, Dig Dis Sci, 31, 131, 10.1007/BF01300697 Castell, 1980, Common problems in the evaluation of esophageal motility, Intern Med, 1, 90 Mayberry, 1985, Studies of incidence and prevalence of achalasia in the Nottingham area, Q J Med, 56, 451 Castell, 1986, Achalasia, 37 Goulbourne, 1985, Long-term results of Heller's operation for achalasia, J R Coll Surg Edin, 30, 101 Casella, 1965, Fine-structure changes in achalasia of the esophagus: I. Vagus nerves, Am J Pathol, 46, 279 Casella, 1968, Achalasia of the esophagus: Pathologic and etiologic considerations, Ann Surg, 160, 474, 10.1097/00000658-196409000-00010 Csendes, 1985, Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and histological changes in the distal esophagus in patients with achalasia of the esophagus, Dig Dis Sci, 30, 941, 10.1007/BF01308293 Holloway, 1986, Integrity of cholinergic innervation to the lower esophageal sphincter in achalasia, Gastroenterology, 90, 924, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90869-3 Cross, 1952, Pathologic changes in megaesophagus (esophageal dystonia), Surgery, 31, 647 Qualman, 1984, Esophageal Lewy bodies associated with ganglion cell loss in achalasia-similarity to Parkinson's disease, Gastroenterology, 87, 848, 10.1016/0016-5085(84)90079-9 Stucky, 1987, Glucocorticoid insufficiency, achalasia, alacrima, with autonomic and motor neuropathy, Ann Intern Med, 106, 62, 10.7326/0003-4819-106-1-62 Kramer, 1951, Esophageal sensitivity to mecholyl in cardiospasm, Gastroenterology, 19, 242, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)36434-0 Cohen, 1971, Role of gastrin supersensitivity in the pathogenesis of lower esophageal sphincter hypertension in achalasia, J Clin Invest, 50, 1241, 10.1172/JCI106601 Cohen, 1972, The site of denervation in achalasia, Gut, 13, 556, 10.1136/gut.13.7.556 Behar, 1977, Effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide on lower esophageal sphincter, Gastroenterology, 73, 57, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32272-3 Smith, 1970, The neurologic lesion in achalasia of the cardia, Gut, 11, 388, 10.1136/gut.11.5.388 Castell, 1976, Achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm, Arch Intern Med, 136, 571, 10.1001/archinte.1976.03630050053010 Castell, 1986, Esophageal motility and its disorders, Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 2, 504, 10.1097/00001574-198607000-00010 Dominguez, 1987, Acute upper-airway obstruction in achalasia of the esophagus, Am J Gastroenterol, 82, 362 Wolf, 1985, Achalasia complicated by esophagobronchial fistula, Am J Gastroenterol, 80, 584 Orlando, 1978, Achalasia and absent gastric air bubble, Ann Intern Med, 88, 60, 10.7326/0003-4819-88-1-60 Shepard, 1972, Mecholyl test: Comparison of balloon kymography and intraluminal pressure measurement, Gastroenterology, 63, 557, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)33238-X Fevery, 1974, Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in achalasia, Gut, 15, 121, 10.1136/gut.15.2.121 Fagge, 1872, A case of simple stenosis of the esophagus followed by epithelioma, Guy's Hosp Rep, 17, 413 Just-Viera, 1967, Achalasia and carcinoma of the esophagus, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 128, 1081 Norton, 1980, Achalasia and esophageal carcinoma: A summary of populations at risk, South Med, 73, 23, 10.1097/00007611-198001000-00011 Chuong, 1984, Achalasia as a risk factor for esophageal carcinoma—a reappraisal, Dig Dis Sci, 29, 1105, 10.1007/BF01317084 Kahrilas, 1987, Comparison of pseudoachalasia and achalasia, Am J Med, 72, 439, 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90443-8 Tucker, 1978, Achalasia secondary to carcinoma: Manometric and clinical features, Ann Intern Med, 89, 315, 10.7326/0003-4819-89-3-315 Ott, 1979, Secondary achalasia in esophagogastric carcinoma: Re-emphasis of a difficult differential problem, Rev Interam Radiol, 4, 135 Goldin, 1983, Secondary achalasia: Association with adenocarcinoma of the lung and reversal with radiation therapy, Am J Gastroenterol, 78, 203 Traube, 1985, Primary esophageal motility disorders. Current therapeutic concepts, Drugs, 30, 66, 10.2165/00003495-198530010-00007 Vantrappen, 1980, Treatment of achalasia and related motor disorders, Gastroenterology, 79, 144, 10.1016/0016-5085(80)90090-6 Olsen, 1951, The treatment of cardiospasm: Analysis of a twelve-year experience, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 22, 164 Fellows, 1983, Pneumatic dilatation in achalasia, Gut, 24, 1020, 10.1136/gut.24.11.1020 Okike, 1979, Esophagomyotomy versus forceful dilatation for achalasia of the esophagus: Results in 899 patients, Ann Thorac Surg, 28, 119, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)63767-8 Csendes, 1980, A prospective randomized study comparing forceful dilatation and esophagomyotomy in patients with achalasia of the esophagus, Gastroenterology, 80, 789, 10.1016/0016-5085(81)90142-6 Lishman, 1982, Management of achalasia of the cardia by forced pneumatic dilatation, Gut, 23, 541, 10.1136/gut.23.6.541 Vantrappen, 1983, To dilate or to operate? That is the question, Gut, 24, 1013, 10.1136/gut.24.11.1013 Vantrappen, 1971, Treatment of achalasia with pneumatic dilatations, Gut, 12, 268, 10.1136/gut.12.4.268 Heller, 1914, Extramuköse kardiaplastik beim chronischem kardiospasmus mit dilatation des oesophagus, Mitt Grenzgeb Med Chir, 27, 141 Jara, 1979, Long-term results of esophagomyotomy for achalasia of esophagus, Arch Surg, 114, 935, 10.1001/archsurg.1979.01370320067011 Agha, 1987, Barrett's esophagus complicating achalasia after esophagomyotomy, J Clin Gastroenterol, 9, 232, 10.1097/00004836-198704000-00026 Ott, 1984, Radiographic evaluation of the achalasic esophagus immediately following pneumatic dilatation, Gastrointest Radiol, 9, 185, 10.1007/BF01887832 Levine, 1987, Pneumatic dilatation in achalasia under endoscopic guidance: Correlation pre- and post-dilatation by radionuclide scintiscan, Am J Gastroenterol, 82, 311 Hollaway, 1983, Radionuclide esophageal emptying of a solid meal to quantitate results of therapy in achalasia, Gastroenterology, 84, 771, 10.1016/0016-5085(83)90145-2 Lamet, 1985, Return of peristalsis in achalasia after pneumatic dilatation, Am J Gastroenterol, 80, 602 Kerr, 1987, Pneumatic dilatation of the achalasic esophagus requiring the aid of an endoscope, Am J Gastroenterol, 82, 74 Ortega, 1980, Endoscopic myotomy in the treatment of achalasia, Gastrointest Endosc, 26, 8, 10.1016/S0016-5107(80)73249-2 Hatafuku, 1972, Fundic patch operation in the treatment of advanced achalasia of the esophagus, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 134, 617 Gelfond, 1982, Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine treatment of achalasia: A clinical, manometric and radionuclide evaluation, Gastroenterology, 83, 963, 10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80062-0 Bortolotti, 1981, Clinical and manometric effects of nifedipine in patients with esophageal achalasia, Gastroenterology, 80, 39, 10.1016/0016-5085(81)90187-6 Silverstein, 1982, Treatment of esophageal motor disorders with a calcium-blocker, diltiazem, abstract, Gastroenterology, 82, 1181 Osgood, 1889, A peculiar form of esophagismus, Boston Med Surg J, 120, 401, 10.1056/NEJM188904251201701 Moersch, 1934, Diffuse spasm of the lower part of the esophagus, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 43, 1165, 10.1177/000348943404300425 Creamer, 1958, Pattern of esophageal motility in diffuse spasm, Gastroenterology, 34, 782, 10.1016/S0016-5085(58)80024-4 Hacker, 1983, Clinical abnormalities of esophageal function, Prog Gastroenterol, 4, 213 Gilles, 1967, Clinical, manometric, and pathologic studies in diffuse esophageal spasm, Br Med J, 2, 527, 10.1136/bmj.2.5551.527 Casella, 1965, Diffuse spasm of the esophagus: Fine structure of esophageal smooth muscle and nerve, JAMA, 191, 379, 10.1001/jama.1965.03080050025006 Cohen, 1975, Symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm and its relation to gastrin supersensitivity, Ann Intern Med, 82, 714, 10.7326/0003-4819-82-5-714_2 Ouyang, 1983, Spike-associated and spike-independent esophageal contractions in patients with symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm, Gastroenterology, 84, 907, 10.1016/0016-5085(83)90189-0 Bennett, 1970, Diffuse esophageal spasm: A disorder with more than one cause, Gastroenterology, 59, 273, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)33771-0 Fleshler, 1967, Diffuse esophageal spasm, Gastroenterology, 52, 559, 10.1016/S0016-5085(67)80185-9 DiMarino, 1974, Characteristics of lower esophageal sphincter function in symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm, Gastroenterology, 66, 1, 10.1016/S0016-5085(74)80072-7 Fisher, 1975, Disorders of the lower esophageal sphincter, Annu Rev Med, 26, 373, 10.1146/annurev.me.26.020175.002105 Richter, 1984, Diffuse esophageal spasm: A reappraisal, Ann Intern Med, 100, 242, 10.7326/0003-4819-100-2-242 Mellow, 1977, Symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm: Manometric follow-up and response to cholinergic stimulation and cholinesterase inhibition, Gastroenterology, 73, 237, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32195-X Blackwell, 1982, Radionuclide transit: A sensitive screening test of oesophageal dysmotility, Nucl Med Commun, 3, 291, 10.1097/00006231-200803050-00004 Kramer, 1967, Transition from symptomatic diffuse spasm to cardiospasm, Gut, 8, 115, 10.1136/gut.8.2.115 Vantrappen, 1979, Achalasia, esophageal spasm, and related motility disorders, Gastroenterology, 76, 450, 10.1016/S0016-5085(79)80210-3 Sanderson, 1967, Syndrome of vigorous achalasia: Clinical and physiologic observations, Dis Chest, 52, 508, 10.1378/chest.52.4.508 Ona, 1980, Vigorous achalasia: Manometric response to atropine and nitroglycerine, Arch Intern Med, 140, 1118, 10.1001/archinte.1980.00330190130044 Slhemmel, 1949, A study of the effect of certain drugs on curling of the esophagus, AJR, 62, 807 Orlando, 1973, Clinical and manometric effects of nitroglycerin in diffuse esophageal spasm, N Engl J Med, 289, 23, 10.1056/NEJM197307052890106 Mellow, 1982, Effect of isosorbide and hydralazine in painful primary esophageal motility disorders, Gastroenterology, 83, 364, 10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80329-6 Andersson, 1986, Calcium-channel blockers and motility disorders of the esophagus, Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh), 58 Blackwell, 1981, Effect of nifedipine on oesophageal motility and gastric emptying, Digestion, 21, 50, 10.1159/000198520 Nasrallah, 1982, Nifedipine in the treatment of diffuse esophageal spasm, Lancet, 2, 1285, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)90145-3 Davies, 1982, Nifedipine for relief of esophageal chest pain?, N Engl J Med, 307, 1274, 10.1056/NEJM198211113072016 Ebert, 1983, Pneumatic dilatation in patients with symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm and lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, Dig Dis Sci, 28, 481, 10.1007/BF01308147 Henderson, 1983, Diffuse esophageal spasm, Surg Clin North Am, 63, 951, 10.1016/S0039-6109(16)43096-3 Ellis, 1964, Surgical treatment of esophageal hypermotility disturbances, JAMA, 188, 862, 10.1001/jama.1964.03060360022005 Benjamin, 1979, High amplitude, peristaltic esophageal contractions associated with chest pain and/or dysphagia, Gastroenterology, 77, 478, 10.1016/0016-5085(79)90008-8 Benjamin, 1983, Prospective manometric evaluation with pharmacologic provocation of patients with suspected esophageal motility dysfunction, Gastroenterology, 84, 893, 10.1016/0016-5085(83)90187-7 Orr, 1982, Hypertensive peristalsis in the pathogenesis of chest pain: Further exploration of the “nutcracker” esophagus, Am J Gastroenterol, 77, 604 Benjamin, 1980, The “nutcracker esophagus” and the spectrum of esophageal motor disorders, Curr Concepts Gastroenterol, 5, 3 Clouse, 1986, Gastrointestinal symptoms of patients with esophageal contraction abnormalities, Dig Dis Sci, 31, 236, 10.1007/BF01318113 Ott, 1986, Radiologic and manometric correlation in “nutcracker esophagus”, AJR, 147, 692, 10.2214/ajr.147.4.692 Traube, 1984, Effects of nifedipine in achalasia and in patients with high-amplitude peristaltic esophageal contractions, JAMA, 252, 1733, 10.1001/jama.1984.03350130047033 Richter, 1985, Nifedipine: A potent inhibitor of contractions in the body of the human esophagus-studies in healthy volunteers and patients with the nutcracker esophagus, Gastroenterology, 89, 549, 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90450-0 Richter, 1984, Effects of oral calcium blocker, diltiazem, on esophageal contractions-studies in volunteers and patients with nutcracker esophagus, Dig Dis Sci, 29, 649, 10.1007/BF01347298 Richter, 1987, Oral nifedipine in the treatment of noncardiac chest pain in patients with the nutcracker esophagus, Gastroenterology, 93, 21, 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90308-8 Winters, 1984, Esophageal bougienage in symptomatic patients with the nutcracker esophagus-a primary esophageal motility disorder, JAMA, 252, 363, 10.1001/jama.1984.03350030031017 Clouse, 1987, Low-dose trazodone for symptomatic patients with esophageal contraction abnormalities, Gastroenterology, 92, 1027, 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90979-6 Jacobsen, 1927, Spastic esophagitis and mucous colitis: Etiology and treatment by progressive relaxation, Arch Intern Med, 39, 433, 10.1001/archinte.1927.00130030118011 Traube, 1987, Surgical myotomy in patients with high-amplitude peristaltic esophageal contractions-manometric and clinical effects, Dig Dis Sci, 32, 16, 10.1007/BF01296682 Ward, 1985, Noncardiac chest pain: Is diagnosis of esophageal etiology helpful?, Gastroenterology, 88, 1627 Burns, 1985, Esophageal motor disorders and atypical chest pain: Long-term clinical follow-up, Am J Gastroenterol, 80, 833 Code, 1960, Hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, 35, 391 Waterman D, Richter JE: Unpublished data, 1987. Berger, 1982, The hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter: A clinical and manometric entity, Gastroenterology, 1109 Traube, 1984, Isolated hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter: Treatment of a resistant case by pneumatic dilatation, J Clin Gastroenterol, 6, 139, 10.1097/00004836-198404000-00007 Clouse, 1983, Contraction abnormalities of the esophageal body in patients referred for manometry-a new approach to manometric classification, Dig Dis Sci, 28, 784, 10.1007/BF01296900 Cohen, 1980, The gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma: Pathogenesis and management, Gastroenterology, 79, 155, 10.1016/0016-5085(80)90091-8 D'Angelo, 1969, Pathologic observations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), Am J Med, 46, 428, 10.1016/0002-9343(69)90044-8 Cohen, 1972, The pathogenesis of esophageal dysfunction in scleroderma and Raynaud's disease, J Clin Invest, 51, 2663, 10.1172/JCI107084 Hurwitz, 1976, Esophageal dysfunction and Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with scleroderma, Am J Dig Dis, 21, 601, 10.1007/BF01071951 Zamost, 1987, Esophagitis in scleroderma—prevalence and risk factors, Gastroenterology, 92, 421, 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90137-5 Hamel-Roy, 1985, Comparative esophageal and anorectal motility in scleroderma, Gastroenterology, 88, 1, 10.1016/S0016-5085(85)80124-4 Clements, 1979, Esophageal motility in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS)—comparison of cineradiographic and manometric evaluation, Dig Dis Sci, 24, 639, 10.1007/BF01333709 Maddern, 1984, Abnormalities of esophageal and gastric emptying in progressive systemic sclerosis, Gastroenterology, 87, 922, 10.1016/0016-5085(84)90089-1 Neschis, 1970, The esophagus in progressive systemic sclerosis: A manometric and radiographic correlation, Am J Dig Dis, 15, 443, 10.1007/BF02283872 Turner, 1973, Esophageal dysfunction in collagen disease, Am J Med Sci, 265, 191, 10.1097/00000441-197303000-00002 Petrokubi, 1979, Cimetidine versus antacid in scleroderma with reflux esophagitis—a randomized double-blind controlled study, Gastroenterology, 77, 691, 10.1016/0016-5085(79)90223-3 Hendel, 1986, Long-term ranitidine in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) with gastroesophageal reflux, Scand J Gastroenterol, 21, 799, 10.3109/00365528609011120 Horowitz, 1987, Effects of cisapride on gastric and esophageal emptying in progressive systemic sclerosis, Gastroenterology, 93, 311, 10.1016/0016-5085(87)91020-1 Sharp, 1972, Mixed connective tissue disease: An apparently distinct rheumatic disease syndrome associated with a specific antibody to an extractable nuclear antigen (ENA), Am J Med, 52, 148, 10.1016/0002-9343(72)90064-2 Winn, 1976, Esophageal function in steroid-treated patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), Clin Res, 24, 545 Ramirez-Mats, 1974, Esophageal motility in systemic lupus erythematosus, Am J Dig Dis, 19, 132, 10.1007/BF01072623 Peppercorn, 1979, Esophageal motor dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Two cases with unusual features, JAMA, 242, 1895, 10.1001/jama.1979.03300170041026 Sun, 1974, Upper gastrointestinal disease in rheumatoid arthritis, Am J Dig Dis, 19, 405, 10.1007/BF01255603 Nishikai, 1977, Rheumatoid esophageal disease, Am J Gastroenterol, 67, 29 Tsianos, 1985, Oesophageal dysfunction in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, Ann Rheum Dis, 44, 610, 10.1136/ard.44.9.610 Softer, 1984, Elevated ANA titers in patients with severely abnormal gastrointestinal motility, Dig Dis Sci, 29, 735, 10.1007/BF01312947 Hollis, 1977, Esophageal function in diabetes mellitus and its relation to peripheral neuropathy, Gastroenterology, 73, 1098, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)31865-7 Rundles, 1945, Diabetic neuropathy. General review with report of 125 cases, Medicine, 24, 111, 10.1097/00005792-194505000-00001 Clouse, 1986, Correlation of esophageal motility abnormalities with neuropsychiatric status in diabetics, Gastroenterology, 90, 1146, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90379-3 Bettarello, 1976, Oesophageal involvement in Chagas' disease, Clin Gastroenterol, 5, 103, 10.1016/S0300-5089(21)00137-1 Soergel, 1964, Presbyesophagus: Esophageal motility in nonagenerians, J Clin Invest, 43, 1472, 10.1172/JCI105023 Hollis, 1974, Esophageal function in elderly men—a new look at “presbyesophagus.”, Ann Intern Med, 80, 371, 10.7326/0003-4819-80-3-371 Khan, 1977, Esophageal motility in the elderly, Am J Dig Dis, 22, 1049, 10.1007/BF01072855 Csendes, 1978, Relation of gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and esophageal contractile waves to age in man, Scand J Gastroenterol, 13, 443, 10.3109/00365527809181919 Maldonado, 1970, Chronic idiopathic pseudoobstruction, Am J Med, 49, 203, 10.1016/S0002-9343(70)80076-6 Hanks, 1981, Chronic primary intestinal pseudoobstruction, Surgery, 89, 175 Hirsh, 1981, Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, J Clin Gastroenterol, 3, 247, 10.1097/00004836-198109000-00008 Hurtvitz, 1978, Upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction—pathogenesis and treatment, Dig Dis Sci, 23, 275, 10.1007/BF01072329 Kilman, 1976, Disorders of pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter motor function, Arch Intern Med, 136, 592, 10.1001/archinte.1976.03630050070012 Brunner, 1952, Cricopharyngeal muscle under normal and pathologic conditions, Arch Otolaryngol, 56, 616, 10.1001/archotol.1952.00710020641006 Watson, 1984, Hypertonicity of cricopharyngeal sphincter: Cause of globus sensation, Lancet, 2, 1417 Donner, 1974, Swallowing mechanism and neuromuscular disorders, Semin Roentgenol, 9, 273, 10.1016/0037-198X(74)90045-5 Schobinger, 1958, Spasm of the cricopharyngeal muscle as cause of dysphagia after total laryngectomy, Arch Otolaryngol, 67, 271, 10.1001/archotol.1958.00730010279003 Hunt, 1970, The cricopharyngeal sphincter in gastric reflux, Gut, 11, 303, 10.1136/gut.11.4.303 Gerhardt, 1980, Esophageal dysfunction in esophagopharyngeal regurgitation, Gastroenterology, 78, 893, 10.1016/0016-5085(80)90768-4 Knuff, 1982, Pharyngoesophageal (Zenker's) diverticulum: A reappraisal, Gastroenterology, 82, 734, 10.1016/0016-5085(82)90319-5 Ellis, 1969, Cricopharyngeal myotomy for pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, Ann Surg, 170, 340, 10.1097/00000658-196909010-00004 Jacob, 1983, The esophageal motility disorder of polymyositis. A prospective study, Arch Intern Med, 143, 2262, 10.1001/archinte.1983.00350120052013 Bradley, 1985, Inflammatory diseases of muscle, 1225 Eckardt, 1986, Esophageal motor function in patients with muscular dystrophy, Gastroenterology, 90, 628, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)91117-0 Garrett, 1969, Esophageal and pulmonary disturbances in myotonia dystrophica, Arch Intern Med, 123, 26, 10.1001/archinte.1969.00300110028005 Silbiger, 1967, Neuromuscular disorders affecting the pharynx: Cineradiographic analysis, Invest Radiol, 2, 442, 10.1097/00004424-196711000-00024 Kramer, 1957, The dynamics of swallowing: II. Neuromuscular dysphagia of pharynx, J Clin Invest, 36, 589, 10.1172/JCI103458 Bosma, 1957, Residual disability of pharyngeal area resulting from poliomyelitis: Clinical management of patients, JAMA, 165, 216, 10.1001/jama.1957.02980210012004 Kaplan, 1957, Paralysis of the swallowing mechanism following bulbar poliomyelitis: Surgical restoration of function, Arch Otolaryngol, 65, 495, 10.1001/archotol.1957.03830230071013 Mills, 1973, Dysphagia in pharyngeal paralysis treated by cricopharyngeal sphincterotomy, Lancet, 1, 455, 10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91881-3 Daly, 1962, Disturbances of swallowing and esophageal motility in patients with multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 12, 250, 10.1212/WNL.12.4.250 Calne, 1970, Swallowing in parkinsonism, Br J Radiol, 43, 456, 10.1259/0007-1285-43-511-456 Cotzias, 1969, Modification of parkinsonism—chronic treatment with l-dopa, N Engl J Med, 280, 337, 10.1056/NEJM196902132800701 Bonnano, 1971, Swallowing dysfunction after tracheostomy, Ann Surg, 174, 29, 10.1097/00000658-197107010-00005 Duranceau, 1976, Alteration in esophageal motility after laryngectomy, Am J Surg, 131, 30, 10.1016/0002-9610(76)90416-5 Frank, 1966, Transient pharyngeal incoordination in the newborn, Am J Dis Child, 111, 178 Benson, 1962, Transient dysphagia due to muscular incoordination, 55, 237 Ekberg, 1985, Dysfunction of pharyngeal swallowing—A cineradiographic investigation in 854 dysphagial patients, Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stock), 26, 389, 10.1177/028418518502600405 Leach, 1962, Generalized muscle weakness presenting as pharyngeal dysphagia, J Laryngol Otol, 76, 237, 10.1017/S0022215100059247 Casey, 1971, Dystrophica myotonica presenting with dysphagia, Br Med J, 2, 443, 10.1136/bmj.2.5759.443 David, 1985, Relief of dysphagia in motor neurone disease with cricopharyngeal myotomy, Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 67, 229 Bonavina, 1985, Pharyngoesophageal dysfunctions: The role of cricopharyngeal myotomy, Arch Surg, 120, 541, 10.1001/archsurg.1985.01390290023004 Amarnath, 1986, The rumination syndrome in adults—a characteristic manomery pattern, Ann Intern Med, 105, 513, 10.7326/0003-4819-105-4-513 Rubinow, 1983, Esophageal manometry in systemic anyloidosis—a study of 30 patients, Am J Med, 75, 951, 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90874-4 Rurakoff, 1985, Esophageal manometry in familial amyloid polyneuropathy, Am J Med, 79, 85, 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90550-9 Francos, 1984, Disorders of oesophageal motility in chronic haemodialysis patients, Lancet, 1, 219, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92135-4 Clouse, 1966, Hiatus hernia and esophageal contraction abnormalities, Am J Med, 81, 447, 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90297-4 Iyer, 1986, Diffuse muscular hypertrophy of esophagus, Am J Med, 80, 849, 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90627-3 Hogan, 1972, Ethanol-induced acute esophageal motor dysfunction, J Appl Physiol, 32, 755, 10.1152/jappl.1972.32.6.755 Mayer, 1978, Effects of graded doses of alcohol upon esophageal motor function, Gasrroenterology, 75, 1133, 10.1016/0016-5085(78)90088-4 Burbige, 1984, Alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract, Med Clin North Am, 68, 77, 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31242-1 Keshavarzian, 1987, Esophageal manometry and radionuclide emptying in chronic alcoholics, Gastroenterology, 92, 651, 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90013-8 Winship, 1968, Deterioration of esophageal peristalsis in patients with alcoholic neuropathy, Gastroenterology, 55, 173, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)34066-1 Reilly, 1984, Esophageal function after injection sclerotherapy: Pathogenesis of esophageal stricture, Am J Surg, 147, 85, 10.1016/0002-9610(84)90039-4 Shoenut, 1986, Retrosternal pain subsequent to sclerotherapy, Gastrointest Endosc, 32, 84, 10.1016/S0016-5107(86)71762-8 Meyer, 1981, Human esophageal response during chest pain induced by swallowing cold liquids, JAMA, 246, 2057, 10.1001/jama.1981.03320180049030 Kaye, 1987, Changes in distal esophageal function in response to cooling, Dig Dis Sci, 32, 22, 10.1007/BF01296683 Ott, 1981, Radiographic effects of cold barium suspensions on esophageal motility, Radiology, 140, 330, 10.1148/radiology.140.3.7280255 Worobetz, 1986, Effect of moderate exercise on esophageal function in asymptomatic athletes, Am J Gastroenterol, 81, 1048 Clark CS, Castell DO: Unpublished data, 1987. Richter, 1982, Gastroesophageal reflux—pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy, Ann Intern Med, 97, 93, 10.7326/0003-4819-97-1-93 Castell, 1985 Nebel, 1976, Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux: Incidence and precipitating factors, Am J Dig Dis, 21, 953, 10.1007/BF01071906 Dodds, 1981, Pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis, Gastroenterology, 81, 376, 10.1016/S0016-5085(81)80072-8 Dodds, 1982, Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with reflux esophagitis, N Engl J Med, 307, 1547, 10.1056/NEJM198212163072503 Winans, 1978, Diagnostic evaluation of esophageal function, 25 Boesby, 1977, Relationship between gastro-oesophageal acid reflux, basal gastrooesophageal sphincter pressure, and gastric acid secretion, Scand J Gastroenterol, 12, 547, 10.3109/00365527709181333 McCallum, 1981, Gastric emptying in patients with gastroesophgeal reflux, Gastroenterology, 80, 285, 10.1016/0016-5085(81)90716-2 Ott, 1981, Acid clearance during sleep in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis, Dig Dis Sci, 26, 423, 10.1007/BF01313584 Ott, 1984, Effect of sleep on swallowing, esophageal peristalsis, and acid clearance, Gastroenterology, 86, 814 Helm, 1982, Acid neutralizing capacity of human saliva, Gastroenterology, 83, 69, 10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80286-2 Hendrix, 1976, Consequences of gastro-oesophageal reflux, Clin Gastroenterol, 5, 155, 10.1016/S0300-5089(21)00141-3 Eastwood, 1975, Experimental esophagitis in cats impairs lower esophageal sphincter pressure, Gastroenterology, 69, 146, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32647-2 Slnar, 1980, Acute esophagitis adversely affects esophageal peristalsis, abstract, Clin Res, 28, 821 Katz, 1986, Abnormal esophageal pressures in reflux esophagitis: Cause or effect?, Am J Gastroenterol, 81, 744 Ott, 1981, Reflux esophagitis revisited: Prospective analysis of radiologic accuracy, Gastrointest Radiol, 6, 1, 10.1007/BF01890213 Ott, 1985, Predictive relationship of hiatal hernia to reflux esophagitis, Gastroinrest Radiol, 10, 317, 10.1007/BF01893120 Behar, 1967, Evaluation of esophageal tests in the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis, Gastroenterology, 71, 9, 10.1016/S0016-5085(76)80088-1 Ismail-Beigi, 1970, Histological consequences of gastroesophageal reflux in man, Gastroenterology, 58, 163, 10.1016/S0016-5085(70)80004-X Pope, 1976, Mucosal response to esophageal motor disorders, Arch Intern Med, 136, 349, 10.1001/archinte.1976.03630050037008 Schindlbeck, 1987, Optimal thresholds, sensitivity, and specificity of long-term pH-metry for the detection of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroenterology, 93, 85, 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90318-0 Ott, 1986, The role of diagnostic imaging in evaluating gastroesophageal reflux disease, Postgrad Radiol, 6, 3 Cohen, 1987, Gastroesophageal reflux evaluation and current treatment, Posigrad Med, 81, 203, 10.1080/00325481.1987.11699827 Kimmig, 1984, Cimetidine and ranitidine in the treatment of reflux esophagitis, Gastroenterology, 22, 373 Noya, 1983, Cimetidine versus ranitidine in the treatment of peptic esophagitis, Minerva Med, 74, 787 Lieberman, 1986, Treatment of severe reflux esophagitis with cimetidine and metoclopramide, Ann Intern Med, 104, 21, 10.7326/0003-4819-104-1-21 McCallum, 1977, A controlled trial of metoclopramide in symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, N Engl J Med, 296, 354, 10.1056/NEJM197702172960702 Bright-Asare, 1980, Cimetidine, metoclopramide, or placebo in the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, J Clin Gastroenterol, 2, 149, 10.1097/00004836-198006000-00008 Weiss, 1983, Treatment of reflux esophagitis with sucralfate, Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 108, 1706, 10.1055/s-2008-1069811 Brand, 1979, Esophageal symptoms, manometry, and histology before and after antireflux surgery: A long-term follow-up study, Gastroenterology, 76, 1391, 10.1016/0016-5085(79)90407-4 Gill, 1986, Esophageal motor abnormalities in gastroesophageal reflux and the effects of fundoplication, Gastroenterology, 91, 364, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90570-6 Kahrilas, 1986, Esophageal peristaltic dysfunction in peptic esophagitis, Gastroenterology, 91, 897, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90692-X Lieberman, 1987, Medical therapy for chronic reflux esophagitis, Arch Intern Med, 147, 1717, 10.1001/archinte.1987.00370100031006 Janssens, 1986, 24 hour recording of esophageal pressure and pH in patients with noncardiac chest pain, Gastroenterology, 90, 1978, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90270-2 Olbe, 1979, Properties of a new class of gastric acid inhibitors, Scand J Gastroenterol, 14, 131