Khảo sát các tầng nước ngầm bán hóa thạch sâu và chưa được biết đến trong lưu vực Kalahari (Châu Phi Nam)

Abouelmagd, A., Sultan, M., Milewski, A., Kehew, A.E., Sturchio, N.C., Soliman, F., Krishnamurthy, R.V., Cutrim, E.: Toward a better understanding of palaeoclimatic regimes that recharged the fossil aquifers in North Africa: Inferences from stable isotope and remote sensing data. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 329–330, 137–149 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.02.024 Aggarwal, P.K., Araguas-Araguas, L., Choudhry, M., van Duren, M., Froehlich, K.: Lower groundwater 14C age by atmospheric CO2 uptake during sampling and analysis. Ground Water 52(1), 20–24 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12110 Arbuszewski, J.A., de deMenocal, P.B., Cléroux, C., Bradtmiller, L., Mix, A.: Meridional shifts of the atlantic intertropical convergence zone since the last glacial maximum. Nat. Geosci. 6(11), 959–962 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1961 Baars, R.M.T.: Conditions and management of the rangelands in the Western Province of Zambia. PhD thesis, 152 S.; Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Wageningen (1996) http://edepot.wur.nl/210501. Barker, P.A., Leng, M.J., Gasse, F., Huang, Y.: Century-to-millennial scale climatic variability in Lake Malawi revealed by isotope records. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 261(1–2), 93–103 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.010 Beyer, M., Koeniger, P., Gaj, M., Hamutoko, J.T., Wanke, H., Himmelsbach, T.: A deuterium-based labeling technique for the investigation of rooting depths, water uptake dynamics and unsaturated zone water transport in semiarid environments. J. Hydrol. (Amst) 533, 627–643 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.037 Bouchez, A.: Bilan et dynamique des interactions rivières-lac(s)-aquifères dans le bassin hydrologique du lac Tchad Approche couplée géochimie et modélisation des transferts. PhD thesis, 277 S.; Aix-Marseille, Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement des Géosciences de l’Environnement (2015). https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01298153/, Zugegriffen: 22. Febr. 2017 Bufford, K.M., Atekwana, E.A., Abdelsalam, M.G., Shemang, E.M., Atekwana, E.A., Mickus, K., Moidaki, M., Modisi, M.P., Molwalefhe, L.: Geometry and faults tectonic activity of the Okavango Rift Zone, Botswana: Evidence from magnetotelluric and electrical resistivity tomography imaging. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 65, 61–71 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.01.004 Burke, K., Wilkinson, M.J.: Landscape evolution in Africa during the Cenozoic and Quaternary—the legacy and limitations of Lester C. King. Can. J. Earth Sci. 53(11), 1089–1102 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0099 Burrough, S.L., Thomas, D.S.G.: Late quaternary lake-level fluctuations in the Mababe depression: middle Kalahari palaeolakes and the role of Zambezi inflows. Quat. Res. 69(3), 388–403 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.02.003 Burrough, S.L., Thomas, D.S.G.: Geomorphological contributions to palaeolimnology on the African continent. Geomorphology 103(3), 285–298 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.015 Burrough, S.L., Thomas, D.S.G.: Central southern Africa at the time of the African Humid Period: a new analysis of Holocene palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate data. Quat. Sci. Rev. 80, 29–46 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.001 Burrough, S.L., Thomas, D.S.G., Shaw, P.A., Bailey, R.M.: Multiphase Quaternary highstands at Lake Ngami, Kalahari, northern Botswana. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 253(3–4), 280–299 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.06.010 Burrough, S.L., Thomas, D.S.G., Bailey, R.M.: Mega-lake in the Kalahari: a late pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28(15–16), 1392–1411 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.007 Carlsson, L., Masalila-Dodo, C., Bejugam, R., Sola, L., Alemaw, B.F., Mahomed, I., Madec, G.: Groundwater review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for rural communities including assessment of national databases at the sub-basin level for possible future integration. Fachbericht Nr. ORASECOM/005/2009, 190 S.; Orange Senqu River Commission (2009). http://www.orasecom.org/_system/writable/DMSStorage/551Final%20Report.pdf, Zugegriffen: 15. Dez. 2016 Chase, B.M., Meadows, M.E.: Late Quaternary dynamics of southern Africa’s winter rainfall zone. Earth Sci. Rev. 84(3–4), 103–138 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.06.002 Chiang, J.C.H., Friedman, A.R.: Extratropical cooling, interhemispheric thermal gradients, and tropical climate change. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 40(1), 383–412 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105545 deMenocal, P.B., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Adkins, J., Sarnthein, M., Baker, L., Yarusinsky, M.: Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quat. Sci. Rev. 19, 347–361 (2000) Dill, H.G., Kaufhold, S., Lindenmaier, F., Dohrmann, R., Ludwig, R., Botz, R.: Joint clay—heavy—light mineral analysis: a tool to investigate the hydrographic—hydraulic regime of Late Cenozoic deltaic inland fans under changing climatic conditions (Cuvelai-Etosha Basin, Namibia). Int. J. Earth Sci. 102(1), 265–304 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0770-7 Feakins, S.J., deMenocal, P.B.: Global and African regional climate during the Cenozic. In: Lars, W. (Hrsg.) Cenozoic mammals of Africa, S. 45–55. University of California Press, Berkeley (2010) Fontes, J.-C., Andrews, J.N., Edmunds, W.M., Guerre, A., Travi, Y.: Paleorecharge by the Niger River (Mali) deduced from groundwater geochemistry. Water. Resour. Res 27(2), 199–214 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1029/90wr01703 Al Gamal, S.A., Hamed, Y.: Water resources of African circum-sahara sub region (renewable and non-renewable approach). J. Geol. Geosci. 3(6) (2014). https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000181 Gamrod, J.L.: Paleolimnological records of environmental change preserved on paleo-lake Mababe, Northwest Botswana. MSc thesis, 86 S.; Oklahoma State University, Dallas, TX (2009). http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.629.9485&rep=rep1&type=pdf, Zugegriffen: 22. Febr. 2017 Gasse, F.: Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quat. Sci. Rev. 19, 189–211 (2000) Gasse, F., Chalié, F., Vincens, A., Williams, M.A.J., Williamson, D.: Climatic patterns in equatorial and southern Africa from 30,000 to 10,000 years ago reconstructed from terrestrial and near-shore proxy data. Quat. Sci. Rev. 27(25–26), 2316–2340 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.027 Geyh, M.: Environmental isotopes in the hydrological cycle, principles and applications; Groundwater: saturated and unsaturated zone. In: Mook, W.G. (Hrsg.) IHP Technical documents in hydrology No. 39, IV. UNESCO, IAEA, Paris (2000) GNIP: Global Networks of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP): Global networks of isotopes in precipitation (2017). https://nucleus.iaea.org/wiser/gnip.php, Zugegriffen: 14. Febr. 2017 Grove, A.T.: Landforms and climate change in the Kalahari and Ngamiland. Geogr. J 1135, 191–212 (1969) Gumbricht, T., McCarthy, T.S., Merry, C.L.: The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications. South Afr. J Geol. 104(3), 243–264 (2001) Haddon, I.G.: The sub-Kalahari geology and tectonic evolution of the Kalahari Basin, Southern Africa. PhD thesis, 343 S.; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (2005). http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/193/Haddonthesistext.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, Zugegriffen: 22. Febr. 2017 Haddon, I.G., McCarthy, T.S.: The mesozoic—cenozoic interior sag basins of central africa: the late-cretaceous—cenozoic Kalahari and Okavango basins. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 43(1–3), 316–333 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.008 Heine, K.: Aride und pluviale Bedingungen während der letzten Kaltzeit in der Südwest-Kalahari (südliches Afrika). Ein Beitrag zur klimagenetischen Geomorphologie der Dünen, Pfannen und Täler. Z. Geomorphol. 38(Suppl), 1–37 (1981) Heine, K.: Some observations concerning the age of the dunes in the western Kalahari and palaeoclimatic implications. Palaeoecol. Afr. 21, 161–178 (1990) Herczeg, A.L., Leaney, F.W.: Review: environmental tracers in arid-zone hydrology. Hydrogeol. J. 19(1), 17–29 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0652-7 Hermes, J.C., Reason, C.J.C.: Variability in sea-surface temperature and winds in the tropical south-east Atlantic Ocean and regional rainfall relationships. Int. J. Climatol. 29(1), 11–21 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1711 Himmelsbach, T.: Tiefe, semi-fossile Grundwasserleiter im südlichen Afrika: Hydrogeologische Untersuchungen im Norden von Namibia. Geowiss. Mitt. 67, 7–18 (2017) Holmgren, K., Lee-Thorp, J.A., Cooper, G.R.J., Lundblad, K., Partridge, T.C., Scott, L., Sithaldeen, R., Siep Talma, A., Tyson, P.D.: Persistent millennial-scale climatic variability over the past 25,000 years in Southern Africa. Quat. Sci. Rev. 22(21), 2311–2326 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(03)00204-x Houben, G., Eisenkölbl, A., Dose, E., Vera, S.: The impact of high intensity no-till agriculture on groundwater quality in the subtropical Capiibary catchment, SE Paraguay. Environ. Earth. Sci. 74(1), 479–491 (2015) Ivory, S.J., McGlue, M.M., Ellis, G.S., Lezine, A.M., Cohen, A.S., Vincens, A.: Vegetation controls on weathering intensity during the last deglacial transition in southeast Africa. PLOS ONE 9(11), e112855 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112855 Jones, D.L., Duncan, R.A., Briden, J.C., Randall, D.E., MacNiocaill, C.: Age of the Batoka basalts, northern Zimbabwe, and the duration of Karoo Large Igneous Province magmatism. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, 1–14 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000110 Kinabo, B.D., Atekwana, E.A., Hogan, J.P., Modisi, M.P., Wheaton, D.D., Kampunzu, A.B.: Early structural development of the Okavango rift zone, NW Botswana. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 48(2–3), 125–136 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2007.02.005 Kinabo, B.D., Hogan, J.P., Atekwana, E.A., Abdelsalam, M.G., Modisi, M.P.: Fault growth and propagation during incipient continental rifting: Insights from a combined aeromagnetic and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model investigation of the Okavango Rift Zone, northwest Botswana. Tectonics 27(3), 1–16 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007tc002154 Kohfahl, C., Massmann, G., Pekdeger, A.: Fossiles und neues Grundwasser als Teil des Gesamtwassers. In: Lozán, J.L. (Hrsg.) Warnsignal Klima : die Meere – Änderungen & Risiken; wissenschaftliche Fakten, S. 91–97. Universität Hamburg, Institut f. Hydrobiologie, Hamburg (2012) Konecky, B.L., Russell, J.M., Johnson, T.C., Brown, E.T., Berke, M.A., Werne, J.P., Huang, Y.: Atmospheric circulation patterns during late Pleistocene climate changes at Lake Malawi, Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 312(3–4), 318–326 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.020 Kristen, I., Fuhrmann, A., Thorpe, J., Röhl, U., Wilkes, H., Oberhänsli, H.: Hydrological changes in southern Africa over the last 200 Ka as recorded in lake sediments from the Tswaing impact crater. South Afr. J. Geol. 110, 311–326 (2007). https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.2-3.311 Kristen, I., Wilkes, H., Vieth, A., Zink, K.-G., Plessen, B., Thorpe, J., Partridge, T.C., Oberhänsli, H.: Biomarker and stable carbon isotope analyses of sedimentary organic matter from Lake Tswaing: evidence for deglacial wetness and early Holocene drought from South Africa. J. Paleolimnol. 44(1), 143–160 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-009-9393-9 Kulongoski, J.T., Hilton, D.R., Selaolo, E.T.: Climate variability in the Botswana Kalahari from the late Pleistocene to the present day. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31(10), 1–5 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl019238 Lindenmaier, F., et al.: Results of analysis from drill holes on the Cubango Megafan. Fachbericht Nr. Ib, 50 S.; Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover (2012). http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/F+E/Kalahari/kalahari_report_Ib.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6, Zugegriffen: 22. Febr. 2017 Lindenmaier, F., et al.: Structure and genesis of the Cubango Megafan in northern Namibia: implications for its hydrogeology. Hydrogeol. J. 22(6), 1307–1328 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1141-1 Liu, X., Rendle-Bühring, R., Kuhlmann, H., Li, A.: Two phases of the Holocene East African Humid Period: Inferred from a high-resolution geochemical record off Tanzania. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 460, 123–134 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.016 van der Lubbe, J.J.L., Frank, M., Tjallingii, R., Schneider, R. R.: Neodymium isotope constraints on provenance, dispersal, and climate-driven supply of Zambezi sediments along the Mozambique Margin during the past ∼45,000 years. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 17(1), 181–198 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gc006080 MacDonald, A.M., Bonsor, H.C., Dochartaigh, B.É.Ó., Taylor, R.G.: Quantitative maps of groundwater resources in Africa. Environ. Res. Lett. 7(2), 24009 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024009 Margane, A., Beukes, H.: Groundwater Investigations in the Eastern Caprivi Region, Phase II – 2006. Fachbericht Nr. IV.GW.2.4, 52 S. Department of Water Affairs (DWA), Namibia & Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Windhoek (2007) Margane, A., Bäumle, R., Schildknecht, F., Wierenga, A.: Groundwater investigations in the eastern Caprivi region: main hydrogeological report. Fachbericht Nr. IV.GW.2.1, 148 S.; Department of Water Affairs (DWA), Namibia & Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Germany, Windhoek (2005). http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Projekte/abgeschlossen/TZ/Namibia/caprivi_hydrogeol_report.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, Zugegriffen: 22. Febr. 2017 Margat, J., Foster, S., Droubi, A.: Concept and importance of non-renewable resources. In: S. Foster & D.P. Loucks (Hrsg.) Non-renewable groundwater resources. A guidebook on socially-sustainable management for water-policy makers, S. 13–24. UNESCO, Paris (2006) McCarthy, T.S., Rubidge, B.S.: Story of earth and life. Struik Nature, Johannesburg (2005) McFarlane, M.J., Eckardt, F.D.: Lake deception: a new Makgadikgadi palaeolake. Botsw. Notes Rec. 38, 195–201 (2008) Mendelsohn, J., Roberts, C.: An environmental profile and atlas of Caprivi. Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Namibia Namibia (1997) Meteorological Service Division: Tabulation of climate statistics for selected stations in Namibia (2017). http://www.meteona.com/attachments/035_Namibia_Long-term_Climate_Statistics_for_Specified_Places%5b1%5d.pdf, Zugegriffen: 8. Febr. 2017 Miller, R.M., Pickford, M., Senut, B.: The geology, palaeontology and evolution of the Eosha Pan, Namibia: Implications for terminal Kalahari deposition. South Afr. J. Geol. 113(3), 307–334 (2010). https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.113.307 Modisi, M.P.: Fault systen at the southeastern boundary of the Okavango Rift, Botswana. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 30(3), 569–578 (2000) Modisi, M.P., Atekwana, E.A., Kampunzu, A.B., Ngwisanyi, T.H.: Rift kinematics during incipient stages of continental extension: evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana. Geology 28(10), 939–942 (2000) Money, N.J.: An outline of the geology of Western Zambia. Rec Geol Surv Zambia 12, 103–123 (1972) Mook, W.G.: Environmental isotopes in the hydrological cycle, principles and applications; Introduction: Theory, methods, review. In: Mook, W.G. (Hrsg.) IHP Technical documents in hydrology 39, I. UNESCO, IAEA, Paris (2000) Moore, A.E.: The geomorphology of the four corners area. In: AWF four corners TBNRM project: review of existing biodiversity information, S. 25–66. The African Wildlife Foundation, Washington, D.C. (2004) Moore, A.E., Larkin, P.A.: Drainage evolution in south-central Africa since the breakup of Gondwana. South Afr. J. Geol. 104, 47–68 (2001). https://doi.org/10.2113/104.1.47 Moore, A.E., Blenkinsop, T., Cotterill, F.P.D.: Southern African topography and erosion history: plumes or plate tectonics? Terra Nova 21(4), 310–315 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2009.00887.x Moore, A.E., Cotterill, F.P.D., Eckardt, F.D.: The evolution and ages of Makgadikgadi Palaeo-lakes: consilient evidence from Kalahari drainage evolution south-central africa. South Afr. J. Geol. 115(3), 385–413 (2013). https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.115.3.385 Nicholson, S.E.: Dryland climatology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2011) O’Connor, P.W.O., Thomas, D.S.G.: The timing and environmental significance of Late Quaternary linear dune development in Western Zambia. Quat. Res. 52, 44–55 (1999) Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., McMahon, T.A.: Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss . 4(2), 439–473 (2007) Plata Bedmar, A.: Groundwater investigation at Caprivi Region using isotope and chemical techniques. Fachbericht Nr., 45. International Agency for Atomic Energy, Department of Water Affairs, Namibia (1999) Podgorski, J.E., et al.: Integrated interpretation of helicopter and ground-based geophysical data recorded within the Okavango Delta, Botswana. J. Appl. Geophy. 114, 52–67 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.12.017 Railsback, L.B.: Shifts of the ITCZ with changing global temperature. In: Railsback’s fundamentals of Quaternary Science (2017). http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/FQS/FQSITCZShifts01.pdf, Zugegriffen: 24. Jan. 2017 Reason, C.J.C., Landman, W., Tennant, W.: Seasonal to decadal prediction of Southern African Climate and Its Links with Variability of the Atlantic Ocean. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 87(7), 941–955 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-87-7-941 Ridgway, J., Money, N.J.: Karroo Basalts from Western Zambia and geochemical provinces in Central and Southern Africa. Geol. Rundsch. 70(3), 868–973 (1981) Ringrose, S., Huntsman-Mapila, P., Downey, W., Coetzee, S., Fey, M., Vanderpost, C., Vink, B., Kemosidile, T., Kolokose, D.: Diagenesis in Okavango fan and adjacent dune deposits with implications for the record of palaeo-environmental change in Makgadikgadi–Okavango–Zambezi basin, northern Botswana. Geomorphology 101(4), 544–557 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.02.008 Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS): Water resources in the OSS countries. UNESCO, Paris (2004) Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS): Iullemeden Aquifer System (Mali, Niger, Nigeria): concerted management of shared water resources of a sahelian transboundary aquifer. OSS, Tunis (2008a) Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS): The North-Western Sahara Aquifer System: joint management of a transborder water basin. OSS, Tunis (2008b) Schefuss, E., Kuhlmann, H., Mollenhauer, G., Prange, M., Patzold, J.: Forcing of wet phases in southeast Africa over the past 17,000 years. Nature 480(7378), 509–512 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10685 Schildknecht, F.: Groundwater exploration with TEM-soundings in the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin. Fachbericht Nr. Id. Department of Water Affairs & Forestry (DWAF), Namibia & Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover (2012) Schildknecht, F., Stadtler, C., Margane, A.: Time domain electromagnetic soundings—extension campaign in Caprivi and Eiseb-graben area. Fachbericht Nr. III GW6, 31 S.; Department of Water Affairs (DWA). Namibia & Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover (2005) Schneider, T., Bischoff, T., Haug, G.H.: Migration and dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone. Nature 513, 45–53 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/Nature13636 Scholz, C.A., King, J.W., Ellis, G.S., Swart, P.K., Stager, J.C.: Paleolimnology of Lake Tanganyika, East Africa, over the past 100 k yr. J. Paleolimnol. 30, 139–150 (2003) Scott, L., Holmgren, K., Partridge, T.C.: Reconciliation of vegetation and climatic interpretations of pollen profiles and other regional records from the last 60 thousand years in the Savanna Biome of Southern Africa. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 257(1–2), 198–206 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.10.018 Shaw, P.A.: Lakes and pans. In: Moon, B.P., Dardis, G.F. (Hrsg.) The Geomorphology of Southern Africa, S. 120–140. Southern Book Publishers, Pretoria (1988) Shaw, P.A., Thomas, D.S.G.: Lake Caprivi: A late Quaternary link between the Zambezi and middle Kalahari drainage systems. Z. Geomorphol. 32(3), 39–337 (1988) Siegfried, T.U.: Optimal utilization of a non-renewable transboundary groundwater resource—methodology, case study and policy implications. PhD thesis, 131 S.; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (2004). http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:27559/eth-27559-02.pdf, Zugegriffen: 1. Febr. 2017 Siemon, B., Röttger, B., Pielawa, J.: German-Namibian Groundwater Exploration Project—Interpretation of the helicopter-borne geophysical groundwater survey data of the Eastern Caprivi Area. Fachbericht Nr. II GW3. Department of Water Affairs (DWA), Namibia & Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover (2005a) Siemon, B., Röttger, B., Pielawa, J.: German-Namibian Groundwater Exploration Project—Interpretation of the helicopter-borne geophysical groundwater survey data of the Oshivelo area. Fachbericht Nr. II GW2. Department of Water Affairs (DWA), Namibia & Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover (2005b) Sracek, O., Hirata, R.: Geochemical and stable isotopic evolution of the Guarani Aquifer System in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Hydrogeol. J. 10(6), 643–655 (2002) Stokes, S., Haynes, G., Thomas, D.S.G., Horrocks, J.L., Higginson, M., Malifa, M.: Punctuated aridity in southern Africa during the last glacial cycle: The chronology of linear dune construction in the northeastern Kalahari. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 137(1998), 305–322 (1998) Stute, M., Talma, S.: Glacial temperatures and moisture transport regimes reconstructed from noble gas and d18O, Stampriet aquifer, Namibia. Konferenzbeitrag vorgestellt auf Isotope techniques in the study of past and current environmental changes in the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. IAEA, Vienna, S. 307–328 (1998) Sultan, M., et al.: Modern recharge to fossil aquifers: Geochemical, geophysical, and modeling constraints. J. Hydrol. (Amst) 403(1–2), 14–24 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.036 Sultan, M., Yan, E., Sturchio, N., Wagdy, A., Gelil, A.K., Becker, R., Manocha, N., Milewski, A.: Natural discharge: A key to sustainable utilization of fossil groundwater. J. Hydrol. (Amst) 335(1–2), 25–36 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.10.034 Thomas, D.S.G., Burrough, S.L.: Interpreting geoproxies of late Quaternary climate change in African drylands: Implications for understanding environmental change and early human behaviour. Quat. Int. 253, 5–17 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.11.001 Thomas, D.S.G., Shaw, P.A.: The Kalahari environment. Cambridge University Press, New York (1991) Thomas, D.S.G., O’Connor, P.W.O., Bateman, M.D., Shaw, P.A., Stokes, S., Nash, D.J.: Dune activity as a record of late Quaternary aridity in the Northern Kalahari: new evidence from northern Namibia interpreted in the context of regional arid and humid chronologies. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 156(2000), 243–259 (2000) Tierney, J.E., Russell, J.M., Huang, Y., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Hopmans, E.C., Cohen, A.S.: Northern Hemisphere controls on tropical Southeast African climate during the past 60,000 years. Science 322, 252–255 (2008) Tierney, J.E., Russell, J.M., Huang, Y.: A molecular perspective on Late Quaternary climate and vegetation change in the Lake Tanganyika basin, East Africa. Quat. Sci. Rev. 29(5–6), 787–800 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.030 Unrug, R.: Tectonic position of Karoo basalts, Western Zambia. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 40, 319–322 (1987) de Vries, J.J., Selaolo, E.T., Beekman, H.E.: Groundwater recharge in the Kalahari, with reference to paleo-hydrologic conditions. J. Hydrol. (Amst) 238, 110–123 (2000) Wallner, M., Houben, G., Lohe, C., Quinger, M., Himmelsbach, T.: Inverse modeling and uncertainty analysis of potential groundwater recharge to the confined semi-fossil Ohangwena II Aquifer, Namibia. Hydrogeology Journal 25(8), 2303–2321 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1615-z Wanke, H.: The Namibian Eiseb Graben as an extension of the East African Rift: evidence from Landsat TM 5 imagery. South. Afr. J. Geol. 108(2005), 541–546 (2005) Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D., Burrough, S.L., Macias-Fauria, M., Tovar, C.: Determining the response of African biota to climate change: using the past to model the future. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 368(1625), 1–9 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0491