NIH Consensus Conference. Impotence. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Impotence [no authors listed]. JAMA 1993, 270:83–90.
Matfin G: New treatments for erectile dysfunction. Fertil Steril 2003, 80(suppl 4):40–45.
Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, et al.: Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the health professionals follow-up study. Ann Intern Med 2003, 139:161–168. Data revealed a 30% reduction in risk of ED in men who were most physically active. Conversely, watching more than 20 h/wk of TV, smoking, and being overweight was associated with increased risk of ED.
Guay AT, Spark RF, Bansal S, et al.: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of male sexual dysfunction: a couple’s problem-2003 update. Endocr Pract 2003, 9:77–95.
Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al.: Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004, 109:433–438.
Guven S, Kuenzi J, Matfin G: Diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. In Pathophysiology. Edited by Porth CM. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:987–1015.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002, 287:356–359.
Lue TF: Erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1802–1813.
Saigal CS: Obesity and erectile dysfunction: common problems, common solution? JAMA 2004, 291:3011–3012.
Romeo JH, Seftel AD, Madhun ZT, Aron DC: Sexual function in men with diabetes type 2: association with glycemic control. J Urol 2000, 163:788–791.
McCulloch DK, Campbell IW, Wu FC, et al.: The prevalence of diabetic impotence. Diabetologia 1980, 18:279–283.
Kaiser FE: Erectile dysfunction in the aging man. Med Clin North Am 1999, 83:1267–1278.
Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, et al.: Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 1994, 151:54–61.
Klein R, Klein BE, Lee KE, et al.: Prevalence of self-reported erectile dysfunction in people with long-term IDDM. Diabetes Care 1996, 19:135–141.
Derby CA, Mohr BA, Goldstein I, et al.: Modifiable risk factors and erectile dysfunction: can lifestyle changes modify risk? Urology 2000, 56:302–306.
Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C, et al.: Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004, 291:2978–2984. Addressing risk factors for ED can reverse existing ED. Almost one third of obese men in this study had reversed their ED after exercising more and losing weight.
Calles-Escandon J, Cipolla M: Diabetes and endothelial dysfunction: a clinical perspective. Endocr Rev 2001, 22:36–52.
Richardson D, Vinik A: Etiology and treatment of erectile failure in diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2002, 2:501–509.
Solomon H, Man JW, Jackson G: Erectile dysfunction and the cardiovascular patient: endothelial dysfunction is the common denominator. Heart 2003, 89:251–253.
Levine LA, Kloner RA: Importance of asking questions about erectile dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2000, 86:1210–1213.
De Angelis L, Marfella MA, Siniscalchi M, et al.: Erectile and endothelial dysfunction in type II diabetes: a possible link. Diabetologia 2001, 44:1155–1160.
Theuma P, Fonseca VA: Novel cardiovascular risk factors and macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. Curr Drug Targets 2003, 4:477–486.
Billups KL, Kaiser DR, Kelly AS, et al.: Relation of C-reactive protein and other cardiovascular risk factors to penile vascular disease in men with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2003, 15:231–236.
Chan NN, Chan JC: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA): a potential link between endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases in insulin resistance syndrome? Diabetologia 2002, 45:1609–1616.
Nash DT: Insulin resistance, ADMA levels, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA 2002, 287:1451–1452.
Stuhlinger MC, Abbasi F, Chu JW, et al.: Relationship between insulin resistance and an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. JAMA 2002, 287:1420–1426.
Lin KY, Ito A, Asagami T, et al.: Impaired nitric oxide synthase pathway in diabetes mellitus: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. Circulation 2002, 106:987–992.
Mass R, Schwedhelm E, Albsmeier J, Boger RH: The pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction related to endothelial dysfunction and mediators of vascular function. Vasc Med 2002, 7:213–225.
Masuda H, Tsujii T, Okuno T, et al.: Accumulated endogenous NOS inhibitors, decreased NOS activity, and impaired cavernosal relaxation with ischemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002, 282:R1730-R1738.
Cartledge JJ, Eardley I, Morrison JF: Impairment of corpus cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation by glycosylated human haemoglobin. BJU Int 2000, 85:735–741.
Sasaki T, Yasuda H, Maeda K, Kikkawa R: Hyperalgesia and decreased neuronal nitric oxide synthase in diabetic rats. Neuroreport 1998, 9:243–247.
Veves A, Akbari CM, Primavera J, et al.: Endothelial dysfunction and the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthetase in diabetic neuropathy, vascular disease, and foot ulceration. Diabetes 1998, 47:457–463.
Wei M, Macera CA, Davis DR, et al.: Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol as important predictors of erectile dysfunction. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 140:930–937.
Saltzman EA, Guay AT, Jacobson J: Improvement in erectile function in men with organic erectile dysfunction by correction of elevated cholesterol levels: a clinical observation. J Urol 2004, 172:255–258.
Colberg SR, Stansberry KB, McNitt PM, Vinik AI: Chronic exercise is associated with enhanced cutaneous blood flow in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2002, 16:139–145.
Jiaan DB, Seftel AD, Fogarty J, et al.: Age-related increase in an advanced glycation end product in penile tissue. World J Urol 1995, 13:369–375.
Plante GE: Vascular response to stress in health and disease. Metabolism 2002, 51:25–30.
Seftel AD, Vaziri ND, Ni Z, et al.: Advanced glycation end products in human penis: elevation in diabetic tissue, site of deposition, and possible effect through iNOS or e NOS. Urology 1997, 50:1016–1026.
Xie Y, Garban H, Ng C, et al.: Effect of long-term passive smoking on erectile function and penile nitric oxide synthase in the rat. J Urol 1997, 157:1121–1126.
Fink HA, Mac DR, Rutks IR, et al.: Sildenafil for male erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1349–1360.
Guay AT, Perez JB, Velasquez E, et al.: Clinical experience with intraurethral alprostadil (MUSE) in the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction. A retrospective study. Medicated urethral system for erection. Eur Urol 2000, 38:671–676.
Carson CC, Burnett AL, Levine LA, Nehra A: The efficacy of sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in clinical populations: an update. Urology 2002, 60:12–27.
Brock GB, McMahon CG, Chen KK, et al.: Efficacy and safety of tadalafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results of integrated analyses. J Urol 2002, 168:1332–1336.
Porst H, Rosen R, Padma-Nathan H, et al.: The efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil, a new, oral, selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, in patients with erectile dysfunction: the first at-home clinical trial. Int J Impot Res 2001, 13:192–199.
DeSouza C, Parulkar A, Lumpkin D, et al.: Acute and prolonged effects of sildenafil on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1336–1339.
Katz SD, Balidemaj K, Homma S, et al.: Acute type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibition with sildenafil enhances flowmediated vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 36:845–851.
Halcox JP, Nour KR, Zalos G, et al.: The effect of sildenafil on human vascular function, platelet activation, and myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 40:1232–1240.
Gazzaruso C, Giordanetti S, De Amici E, et al.: Relationship between erectile dysfunction and silent myocardial ischemia in apparently uncomplicated type 2 diabetic patients. Circulation 2004, 110:22–26. Erectile dysfunction can be a marker of underlying vascular disease. The presence of ED was a predictor of silent CAD in patients with apparently uncomplicated type 2 diabetes.
Greenstein A, Chen J, Miller H, et al.: Does severity of ischemic coronary disease correlate with erectile function? Int J Impot Res 1997, 9:123–126.
Russell ST, Khandheria BK, Nehra A: Erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2004, 79:782–794. A survey of the current understanding of the interrelationship between ED and CVD.
Jackson G: Treatment of erectile dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease: guide to drug selection. Drugs 2004, 64:1533–1545.
Cheitlin MD, Hutter AM Jr, Brindis RG, et al.: Use of sildenafil (Viagra) in patients with cardiovascular disease. Technology and Practice Executive Committee. Circulation 1999, 99:168–177.