Epidural, spinal, and combined spinal epidural anesthesia for ambulatory surgery

Scott, 1988, Regional anaesthesia and surgical morbidity, Br J Anaesth, 75, 299 Sorenson, 1992, Anesthetic techniques during surgical repair of femoral neck fracture: A meta-analysis, Anesthesiology, 77, 1095, 10.1097/00000542-199212000-00009 Yeager, 1987, Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high-risk surgical patients, Anesthesiology, 66, 729, 10.1097/00000542-198706000-00004 Urmey, 1993, Initial one-year experience of a 97.3% regional anesthesia ambulatory surgery center, Reg Anesth, 18, 69 Palmer, 1994, Complication rates for major regional blocks are different in general surgery compared to obstetrics, Anesthesiology, 81, A1210, 10.1097/00000542-199409001-01210 Riley, 1995, Spinal versus epidural anesthesia for Cesarean section: a comparison of time efficiency, costs, charges, and complications, Anesth Analg, 80, 709 Halpern, 1994, Postdural puncture headache and spinal needle design, Metaanalyses. Anesthesiology, 81, 1376, 10.1097/00000542-199412000-00012 Lambert, 1997, Role of needle gauge and tip configuration in the production of lumbar puncture headache, Reg Anesth, 22, 66, 10.1016/S1098-7339(06)80058-1 Pittoni, 1995, Spinal anesthesia in outpatient knee surgery: 22-guage versus 25-gauge Sprotte needle, Anesth Analg, 81, 73 Urmey, 1995, Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for outpatient surgery: dose-response characteristics of intrathecal isobaric lidocaine using a 27-gauge Whitacre spinal needle, Anesthesiology, 83, 528, 10.1097/00000542-199509000-00011 Drasner, 1992, Cauda equina syndrom following intended epidural anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 77, 582, 10.1097/00000542-199209000-00025 Lambert, 1991, Cauda equina syndrome and continuous spinal anesthesia (case report), Anesth Analg, 72, 817, 10.1213/00000539-199106000-00018 Rigler, 1991, Cauda equina syndrome after continuous spinal anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 72, 275, 10.1213/00000539-199103000-00001 Stevens, 1993, Back pain after epidural anesthesia with chloroprocaine, Anesthesiology, 78, 492, 10.1097/00000542-199303000-00013 Kopacz, 1990, Chloroprocaine and lidocaine decrease hospital stay and admission rate after outpatient epidural anesthesia, Reg Anesth, 15, 19 Parnass, 1993, Beneficial impact of epidural anesthesia on recovery after outpatient arthroscopy, Arthroscopy, 9, 91, 10.1016/S0749-8063(05)80351-2 Holmström, 1993, Combined spinal epidural block versus spinal and epidural block for orthopaedic surgery, Can J Anaesth, 40, 601, 10.1007/BF03009695 Urmey, 1997, Combined spinal epidural vs epidural anesthesia for outpatient knee arthroscopy, Reg Anesth, 22, 6 Stevens, 1996, Neuraxial Blocks, 342 Covino, 1980, Prolonged sensory/motor deficits following inadvertent spinal anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 59, 399, 10.1213/00000539-198006000-00001 Moore, 1982, Chloroprocaine neurotoxicity: four additional cases, Anesth Analg, 61, 155, 10.1213/00000539-198202000-00019 Ravindran, 1980, Prolonged neural blockade following regional analgesia with 2-chloroprocaine, Anesth Analg, 59, 447, 10.1213/00000539-198006000-00013 Reisner, 1980, Persistent neurologic deficit and adhesive arachnoiditis following intrathecal 2-chloroprocaine injection, Anesth Analg, 59, 452, 10.1213/00000539-198006000-00014 Gissen, 1984, The chloroprocaine controversy I. Hypothesis to explain the neural complication of chloroprocaine epidural, Reg Anesth, 9, 124 Gissen, 1984, The chloroprocaine controversy II. Is chloroprocaine neurotoxic?, Reg Anesth, 9, 135 Urmey, 1997, Mepivacaine spinal anesthesia for lower extremity orthopedic surgery: an alternative to lidocaine or bupivacaine, Reg Anesth, 22, 69 Schell, 1991, Persistent sacral nerve root deficits after continuous spinal anaesthesia, Can J Anaesth, 38, 908, 10.1007/BF03036972 Schneider, 1993, Transient neurologic toxicity after hyperbaric subarachnoid anesthesia with 5% lidocaine, Anesth Analg, 76, 1154, 10.1213/00000539-199305000-00044 Tarkkila, 1996, Transient radicular irritation after bupivacaine spinal anethesia, Reg Anesth, 21, 26 Carpenter, 1995, Hyperbaric lidocaine spinal anesthesia: do we need an alternative?, Anesth Analg, 81, 1125 DeJong, 1994, Last round for a “heavyweight”, Anesth Analg, 78, 3 Hiller, 1997, Transient neurological symptoms after spinal anaesthesia with 4% mepivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine, Br J Anaesth, 79, 301, 10.1093/bja/79.3.301 Salazar, 1997, Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anaesthesia using 2% isobaric mepivacaine vs 2% isobaric lignocaine, International Monitor on Regional Anesthesia, 9, 156 Pollock, 1996, Prospective study of the incidence of transient radicular irritation in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 84, 1361, 10.1097/00000542-199606000-00012 Hampl, 1995, Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 81, 1148 Liu, 1995, Comparison of 5% with dextrose, 1.5% with dextrose, and 1.5% dextrose-free lidocaine solutions for spinal anesthesia in human volunteers, Anesth Analg, 81, 697 Manica, 1993, Anesthesia for in vitro fertillization: a comparison of 1.5% and 5% spinal lidocaine for ultrasonically guided oocyte retrieval, Anesth Analg, 77, 453 Toft, 1990, A comparison of glucose-free 2% lidocaine and hyperbaric 5% lidocaine for spinal anaesthesia, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 34, 109, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1990.tb03053.x Hampl, 1997, Incidence of transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia with prilocaine, lidocaine and bupivacaine, Anesthesiology, 87, A778, 10.1097/00000542-199709001-00778 Kubina, 1997, Two cases of cauda equina syndrome following spinal-epidural anesthesia, Reg Anesth, 22, 447, 10.1016/S1098-7339(97)80032-6 Salmela, 1997, Transient radicular irritation after spinal anesthesia induced with hyperbaric solutions of csf-diluted 5% lignocaine, 4% mepivacaine or 0.5% bupivacaine, International Monitor on Regional Anaesthesia, 9, 158 Liguori, 1998, Transient Neurologic Symptoms after Spinal Anesthesia with Mepivacaine and Lidocaine, Anesthesiology, 88, 619, 10.1097/00000542-199803000-00010 Knox, 1961, Pharmacologic and clinical observations with mepivacaine, Anesthesiology, 22, 987, 10.1097/00000542-196111000-00020 El-Shirbing, 1966, Experiences with carbocaine in spinal anaesthesia. Report of 20,000 cases, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 10, 442, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1966.tb01045.x Lipton, 1966, Mepivacaine for spinal anesthesia in vaginal delivery. An objective comparison with tetracaine, Am J Ob Gyn, 96, 333, 10.1016/0002-9378(66)90235-3 Henschel, 1967, Isobaric mepivacaine i spinal anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 46, 475, 10.1213/00000539-196707000-00022 Lambert, 1994, For spinal anesthesia, does specific gravity tell us anything about baricity, Anesth Analg, 78, s2 Lynch, 1997, Transient radicular irritation after spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric 4% mepivacaine, Anesth Analg, 85, 872, 10.1213/00000539-199710000-00030 Morisaki, 1997, Transient neurologic sequelae in 1,045 patients undergoing spinal anesthesia with 3% hyperbaric lidocaine, Anesthesiology, 87, A781, 10.1097/00000542-199709001-00781 Way, 1946, Studies on the local anesthetic properties of isonipecaine, Journal American Pharm Association, 35, 44, 10.1002/jps.3030350204 Famewo, 1985, Spinal anaesthesia with meperidine as the sole agent, Can Anaesth Soc J, 32, 533, 10.1007/BF03010804 Mircea, 1982, L'anesthesia sousarachnoidienne par la pethidine (Spinal anesthesia with pethidine), Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 1, 167, 10.1016/S0750-7658(82)80120-2 Fernandez-Galinski, 1996, Effects of subarachnoid lidocaine, meperidine and fentanyl on somatosensory and motor evoked responses in awake humans, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 40, 39, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1996.tb04386.x Johnson, 1990, Continuous microcatheter spinal anesthesia with subarachnoid meperidine for labor and delivery, Anesth Analg, 70, 658, 10.1213/00000539-199006000-00014 Naguib, 1988, Pharmacokinetics of meperidine in spinal anesthesia, Can Anaesth Soc J, 33, 162, 10.1007/BF03010826 Gustaffsson, 1985, Distribution of morphine and meperidine after intrathecal administration in rat and mouse, Anesthesiology, 63, 483, 10.1097/00000542-198511000-00003 Norris, 1996, A comparison of meperidine and lidocaine for spinal anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation, Reg Anesth, 21, 84 Trivedi, 1990, Spinal anesthesia with low dose meperidine for knee arthroscopy in ambulatory surgical patients, Can J Anaesth, 37, S46 Andrivet, 1987, Bloc moteur induit par la pethidine intra-rachidienne; quantification et comparaison avec la lidocaine, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 6, 419, 10.1016/S0750-7658(87)80367-2 Nguyen Thi, 1994, Spinal anesthesia with meperidine as the sole agent for Cesarean delivery, Reg Anesth, 19, 386 Swayze, 1991, Efficacy of subarachnoid meperidine for labor analgesia, Reg Anesth, 16, 309 Nguyen Thi, 1992, A dose-range study of intrathecal meperidine combined with bupivacaine, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 36, 516, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03510.x Maurette, 1993, A comparison between lidocaine alone and lidocaine with meperidine for continuous spinal anesthesia, Reg Anesth, 18, 290 Ong, 1994, Respiratory depression associated with meperidine spinal anesthesia, Can J Anaesth, 41, 725, 10.1007/BF03015628 Sangarlangkarn, 1987, Meperidine as a spinal anesthetic agent: A comparison with lidocaineglucose, Anesth Analg, 66, 235, 10.1213/00000539-198703000-00006 Flanagan, 1997, Failure of meperidine to anesthetize human median nerve. A blinded comparison with lidocaine and saline, Reg Anesth, 22, 73, 10.1016/S1098-7339(06)80059-3 Liu, 1996, Dose-response characteristics of spinal bupivacaine in volunteers. Clinical implications for ambulatory anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 85, 729, 10.1097/00000542-199610000-00007 Ben-David, 1996, Spinal bupivacaine in ambulatory surgery: the effect of saline dilution, Anesth Analg, 83, 716, 10.1213/00000539-199610000-00009 Chambers, 1981, Effect of added epinephrine on spinal anesthesia with lidocaine, Anesth Analg, 60, 417, 10.1213/00000539-198106000-00009 Urmey, 1996, Addition of epinephrine to isobaric lidocaine spinal anesthesia may be contraindicated for ambulatory surgery, Reg Anesth, 21, 100 Chiu, 1995, The effects of epinephrine on lodocaine spinal anesthesia: a cross-over study, Anesth Analg, 80, 735 Neigh, 1970, Effect of speed and direction of injection on the level and duration of spinal anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 49, 912, 10.1213/00000539-197011000-00017 Urmey, 1996, Direction of Whitacre needle aperture affects extent and duration of isobaric spinal anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 84, 337, 10.1213/00000539-199702000-00017 Beardsley, 1995, Transient neurologic deficit after spinal anesthesia: local anesthetic maldistribution with pencil point needles, Anesth Analg, 81, 314 Davis, 1993, Outpatient surgery, 249 Urmey, 1997, Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery, Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management, 1, 123, 10.1016/S1084-208X(97)80028-6