Epidemiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women

Nygaard I, Thom DH, Calhoun E. Urinary incontinence in women. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS, editors. Urologic diseases in America. NIH Publication No. 04–5512 ed. Washington, D.C.: US Government Publishing Office; 2004. p. 71–103.

Shah AD, Kohli N, Rajan SS, Hoyte L. The age distribution, rates, and types of surgery for stress urinary incontinence in the USA. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19(1):89–96.

Wu JM, Hundley AF, Fulton RG, Myers ER. Forecasting the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders in U.S. Women: 2010 to 2050. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(6):1278–83.

•• Milsom I, Altman D, Lapitan MC, Nelson R, Sillen U, Thom DH. Epidemiology of Urinary (UI) and Faecal (FI) Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP). In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein AJ, eds. Incontinence: 4th International Consultation on Incontinence. Paris, France: Health Publication Ltd; 2009:35–112. This is the most recent report from the International Consultation on Incontinence, presenting an exhaustive collection of data through 2008 concerning epidemiology of pelvic floor disorders.

Ross S, Soroka D, Karahalios A, Glazener CM, Hay-Smith EJ, Drutz HP. Incontinence-specific quality of life measures used in trials of treatments for female urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2006;17(3):272–85.

Sandvik H, Hunskaar S, Vanvik A, Bratt H, Seim A, Hermstad R. Diagnostic classification of female urinary incontinence: an epidemiological survey corrected for validity. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48(3):339–43.

Thom DH. Invited commentary: the contribution of the BACH Survey to the epidemiology of urinary incontinence. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(4):400–3. author reply 404–405.

• Coyne K, Kelleher C. Patient reported outcomes: the ICIQ and the state of the art. Neurourol Urodyn. Apr 2010;29(4):645–651. This review highlights the recent development of the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire for measuring patient-reported outcomes related to pelvic floor disorders. An in-depth discussion on psychometric methods for instrument validation is also provided

Dooley Y, Kenton K, Cao G, et al. Urinary incontinence prevalence: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Urol. 2008;179(2):656–61.

Tennstedt SL, Link CL, Steers WD, Mckinlay JB. Prevalence of and risk factors for urine leakage in a racially and ethnically diverse population of adults: the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(4):390–9.

• Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Thompson CL, et al. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the USA, the UK and Sweden: results from the Epidemiology of LUTS (EpiLUTS) study. BJU Int. Aug 2009;104(3):352–360. This study presents data from a large, multinational population survey describing the distributions of multiple urinary symptoms, including urinary incontinence, according to International Continence Society definitions.

Wallner LP, Porten S, Meenan RT, et al. Prevalence and severity of undiagnosed urinary incontinence in women. Am J Med. 2009;122(11):1037–42.

Zhu L, Lang J, Liu C, Han S, Huang J, Li X. The epidemiological study of women with urinary incontinence and risk factors for stress urinary incontinence in China. Menopause. 2009;16(4):831–6.

Zhu L, Lang J, Wang H, Han S, Huang J. The prevalence of and potential risk factors for female urinary incontinence in Beijing, China. Menopause. 2008;15(3):566–9.

Azuma R, Murakami K, Iwamoto M, Tanaka M, Saita N, Abe Y. Prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence and its influence on the quality of life of Japanese women. Nurs Health Sci. 2008;10(2):151–8.

Lee KS, Sung HH, Na S, Choo MS. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in Korean women: results of a National Health Interview Survey. World J Urol. 2008;26(2):179–85.

Onur R, Deveci SE, Rahman S, Sevindik F, Acik Y. Prevalence and risk factors of female urinary incontinence in eastern Turkey. Int J Urol. 2009;16(6):566–9.

Ojengbede OA, Morhason-Bello IO, Adedokun BO, Okonkwo NS, Kolade CO. Prevalence and the associated trigger factors of urinary incontinence among 5000 black women in sub-Saharan Africa: findings from a community survey. BJU Int. Mar 25 2011.

Lopez M, Ortiz AP, Vargas R. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and its association with body mass index among women in Puerto Rico. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009;18(10):1607–14.

•• Walker GJ, Gunasekera P. Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence in developing countries: review of prevalence and risk factors. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. Feb 2011;22(2):127–135. Few data have been published or reviewed for pelvic floor disorders in developing countries. This is an important review on this topic.

Minassian VA, Stewart WF, Hirsch AG. Why do stress and urge incontinence co-occur much more often than expected? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19(10):1429–40.

Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Sandvik H, Hunskaar S. A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. Epidemiology of Incontinence in the County of Nord-Trondelag. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(11):1150–7.

Lifford KL, Townsend MK, Curhan GC, Resnick NM, Grodstein F. The epidemiology of urinary incontinence in older women: incidence, progression, and remission. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(7):1191–8.

Harris SS, Link CL, Tennstedt SL, Kusek JW, Mckinlay JB. Care seeking and treatment for urinary incontinence in a diverse population. J Urol. 2007;177(2):680–4.

Townsend MK, Curhan GC, Resnick NM, Grodstein F. The incidence of urinary incontinence across Asian, black, and white women in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(4):378.e371–377.

Sears CL, Wright J, O’Brien J, et al. The racial distribution of female pelvic floor disorders in an equal access health care system. J Urol. 2009;181(1):187–92.

Fenner DE, Trowbridge ER, Patel DA, et al. Establishing the prevalence of incontinence study: racial differences in women’s patterns of urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2008;179(4):1455–60.

Herrmann V, Scarpa K, Palma PC, Riccetto CZ. Stress urinary incontinence 3 years after pregnancy: correlation to mode of delivery and parity. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009;20(3):281–8.

Thom DH, Rortveit G. Prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(12):1511–22.

Irwin DE, Milsom I, Chancellor MB, Kopp Z, Guan Z. Dynamic progression of overactive bladder and urinary incontinence symptoms: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2010;58(4):532–43.

Botlero R, Davis SR, Urquhart DM, Bell RJ. Incidence and resolution rates of different types of urinary incontinence in women: findings from a cohort study. J Urol. 2011;185(4):1331–7.

Jahanlu D, Hunskaar S. Type and severity of new-onset urinary incontinence in middle-aged women: the Hordaland Women’s Cohort. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(1):87–92.

Subak LL, Richter HE, Hunskaar S. Obesity and urinary incontinence: epidemiology and clinical research update. J Urol. 2009;182(6 Suppl):S2–7.

•• Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, et al. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. Jan 29 2009;360(5):481–490. This article presents level I evidence from a randomized controlled trial that behavioral weight loss can improve urinary incontinence in obese women.

Brown JS, Wing R, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Lifestyle intervention is associated with lower prevalence of urinary incontinence: the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):385–90.

Deitel M, Stone E, Kassam HA, Wilk EJ, Sutherland DJ. Gynecologic-obstetric changes after loss of massive excess weight following bariatric surgery. J Am Coll Nutr. 1988;7(2):147–53.

Frigg A, Peterli R, Peters T, Ackermann C, Tondelli P. Reduction in co-morbidities 4 years after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2004;14(2):216–23.

Twiss C, Triaca V, Rodríguez LV. Familial transmission of urogenital prolapse and incontinence. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;19(5):464–8.

Wennberg A-L, Altman D, Lundholm C, et al. Genetic influences are important for most but not all lower urinary tract symptoms: a population-based survey in a cohort of adult Swedish Twins. European urology. Mar 17 2011.

Altman D, Forsman M, Falconer C, Lichtenstein P. Genetic influence on stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Eur Urol. 2008;54(4):918–22.

Nguyen A, Aschkenazi SO, Sand PK, et al. Nongenetic factors associated with stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(2 Pt 1):251–5.

Rohr G, Kragstrup J, Gaist D, Christensen K. Genetic and environmental influences on urinary incontinence: a Danish population-based twin study of middle-aged and elderly women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(10):978–82.

Mckenzie P, Rohozinski J, Badlani G. Genetic influences on stress urinary incontinence. Curr Opin Urol. 2010;20(4):291–5.

Sung VW, Hampton BS. Epidemiology of pelvic floor dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2009;36(3):421–43.

Nygaard I, Barber MD, Burgio KL, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in US women. JAMA. 2008;300(11):1311–6.

Lawrence JM, Lukacz ES, Nager CW, Hsu JW, Luber KM. Prevalence and co-occurrence of pelvic floor disorders in community-dwelling women. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(3):678–85.

Ballert KN, Biggs GY, Isenalumhe A, Rosenblum N, Nitti VW. Managing the urethra at transvaginal pelvic organ prolapse repair: a urodynamic approach. J Urol. 2009;181(2):679–84.

Coyne KS, Matza LS, Kopp ZS, et al. Examining lower urinary tract symptom constellations using cluster analysis. BJU Int. 2008;101(10):1267–73.

Hall SA, Cinar A, Link CL, et al. Do urological symptoms cluster among women? Results from the Boston Area Community Health Survey. BJU Int. 2008;101(10):1257–66.

Sexton CC, Coyne KS, Kopp ZS, et al. The overlap of storage, voiding and postmicturition symptoms and implications for treatment seeking in the USA, UK and Sweden: EpiLUTS. BJU Int. 2009;103 Suppl 3:12–23.