Epidemiology, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and prognostic assessment of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC)

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 35 - Trang 379-387 - 2016
Francesco Soria1,2, Shahrokh F. Shariat1,3,4,5, Seth P. Lerner6, Hans-Martin Fritsche7, Michael Rink8, Wassim Kassouf9, Philippe E. Spiess10, Yair Lotan4, Dingwei Ye11, Mario I. Fernández12, Eiji Kikuchi13, Daher C. Chade14, Marko Babjuk15, Arthur P. Grollman16, George N. Thalmann17
1Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
2Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Studies of Torino, Turin, Italy
3Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria
4Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
5Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
6Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
7Department of Urology, Caritas St. Josef Medical Centre, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
8Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
9Department of Surgery (Urology), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
10Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, USA
11Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
12Department of Urology, Clinica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
13Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
14Urology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Institute of Cancer, São Paulo, Brazil
15Department of Urology, Faculty Hospital Motol, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Praha, Prague, Czech Republic
16Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
17Department of Urology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland

Tóm tắt

Upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively uncommon disease with limited available evidence on specific topics. The purpose of this article was to review the previous literature to summarize the current knowledge about UTUC epidemiology, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and prognostic assessment. Using MEDLINE, a non-systematic review was performed including articles between January 2000 and February 2016. English language original articles, reviews and editorials were selected based on their clinical relevance. UTUC accounts for 5–10 % of all urothelial cancers, with an increasing incidence. UTUC and bladder cancer share some common risk factors, even if they are two different entities regarding practical, biological and clinical characteristics. Aristolochic acid plays an important role in UTUC pathogenesis in certain regions. It is further estimated that approximately 10 % of UTUC are part of the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer spectrum disease. UTUC diagnosis remains mainly based on imaging and endoscopy, but development of new technologies is rapidly changing the diagnosis algorithm. To help the decision-making process regarding surgical treatment, extent of lymphadenectomy and selection of neoadjuvant systemic therapies, predictive tools based on preoperative patient and tumor characteristics have been developed. Awareness regarding epidemiology, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and prognostic assessment changes is essential to correctly diagnose and manage UTUC patients, thereby potentially improving their outcomes.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Green DA, Rink M, Xylinas E, Matin SF, Stenzl A, Roupret M et al (2013) Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and the upper tract: disparate twins. J Urol 189:1214–1221. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.05.079 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2016) Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin 66:7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21332 Raman JD, Messer J, Sielatycki JA, Hollenbeak CS (2011) Incidence and survival of patients with carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis in the USA, 1973–2005. BJU Int 107:1059–1064. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09675.x Shariat SF, Favaretto RL, Gupta A, Fritsche H-M, Matsumoto K, Kassouf W et al (2011) Gender differences in radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. World J Urol 29:481–486. doi:10.1007/s00345-010-0594-7 Shariat SF, Favaretto RL, Gupta A, Fritsche H-M, Matsumoto K, Kassouf W et al (2011) Gender differences in radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. World J Urol 29:481–486. doi:10.1007/s00345-010-0594-7 Matsumoto K, Novara G, Gupta A, Margulis V, Walton TJ, Roscigno M et al (2011) Racial differences in the outcome of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: an international study. BJU Int 108:E304–E309. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10188.x Favaretto RL, Shariat SF, Chade DC, Godoy G, Adamy A, Kaag M et al (2010) The effect of tumor location on prognosis in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Eur Urol 58:574–580. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2010.07.003 Lughezzani G, Jeldres C, Isbarn H, Sun M, Shariat SF, Widmer H et al (2010) Temporal stage and grade migration in surgically treated patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int 105:799–804. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08818.x Cosentino M, Palou J, Gaya JM, Breda A, Rodriguez-Faba O, Villavicencio-Mavrich H (2013) Upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma: location as a predictive factor for concomitant bladder carcinoma. World J Urol 31:141–145. doi:10.1007/s00345-012-0877-2 Otto W, Shariat SF, Fritsche H-M, Gupta A, Matsumoto K, Kassouf W et al (2011) Concomitant carcinoma in situ as an independent prognostic parameter for recurrence and survival in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter analysis of 772 patients. World J Urol 29:487–494. doi:10.1007/s00345-011-0645-8 Colin P, Koenig P, Ouzzane A, Berthon N, Villers A, Biserte J et al (2009) Environmental factors involved in carcinogenesis of urothelial cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. BJU Int 104:1436–1440. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08838.x McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, Hsing AW, Ross RK, Schoenberg JB, Yu MC et al (1992) Cigarette smoking and cancers of the renal pelvis and ureter. Cancer Res 52:254–257 Rink M, Xylinas E, Margulis V, Cha EK, Ehdaie B, Raman JD et al (2013) Impact of smoking on oncologic outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy. Eur Urol 63:1082–1090. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.06.029 Rink M, Xylinas E, Trinh Q-D, Lotan Y, Margulis V, Raman JD et al (2013) Gender-specific effect of smoking on upper tract urothelial carcinoma outcomes. BJU Int 112:623–637. doi:10.1111/bju.12014 Shinka T, Miyai M, Sawada Y, Inagaki T, Okawa T (1995) Factors affecting the occurrence of urothelial tumors in dye workers exposed to aromatic amines. Int J Urol 2:243–248 De Broe ME, Elseviers MM (1998) Analgesic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 338:446–452. doi:10.1056/NEJM199802123380707 Chen C-H, Dickman KG, Moriya M, Zavadil J, Sidorenko VS, Edwards KL et al (2012) Aristolochic acid-associated urothelial cancer in Taiwan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:8241–8246. doi:10.1073/pnas.1119920109 Rouprêt M, Yates DR, Comperat E, Cussenot O (2008) Upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinomas and other urological malignancies involved in the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (lynch syndrome) tumor spectrum. Eur Urol 54:1226–1236. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.08.008 Koornstra JJ, Mourits MJ, Sijmons RH, Leliveld AM, Hollema H, Kleibeuker JH (2009) Management of extracolonic tumours in patients with Lynch syndrome. Lancet Oncol 10:400–408. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70041-5 Rouprêt M, Babjuk M, Compérat E, Zigeuner R, Sylvester RJ, Burger M et al (2015) European association of urology guidelines on upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma: 2015 update. Eur Urol 68:868–879. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.044 Rouprêt M, Drouin SJ, Cancel-Tassin G, Comperat E, Larré S, Cussenot O (2012) Genetic variability in 8q24 confers susceptibility to urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and is linked with patterns of disease aggressiveness at diagnosis. J Urol 187:424–428. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.038 Sasaki M, Sakano S, Okayama N, Akao J, Hara T, Kawai Y et al (2008) DNA repair gene polymorphisms may be associated with prognosis of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Neoplasia 10:255–265 Raman JD, Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Lotan Y, Sagalowsky AI, Roscigno M et al (2011) Does preoperative symptom classification impact prognosis in patients with clinically localized upper-tract urothelial carcinoma managed by radical nephroureterectomy? Urol Oncol 29:716–723. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.11.007 Inman BA, Tran V-T, Fradet Y, Lacombe L (2009) Carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: predictors of survival and competing causes of mortality. Cancer 115:2853–2862. doi:10.1002/cncr.24339 Renshaw AA (2006) Comparison of ureteral washing and biopsy specimens in the community setting. Cancer 108:45–48. doi:10.1002/cncr.21456 Williams SK, Denton KJ, Minervini A, Oxley J, Khastigir J, Timoney AG et al (2008) Correlation of upper-tract cytology, retrograde pyelography, ureteroscopic appearance, and ureteroscopic biopsy with histologic examination of upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Endourol 22:71–76. doi:10.1089/end.2007.9853 Messer J, Shariat SF, Brien JC, Herman MP, Ng CK, Scherr DS et al (2011) Urinary cytology has a poor performance for predicting invasive or high-grade upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int 108:701–705. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09899.x Reynolds JP, Voss JS, Kipp BR, Karnes RJ, Nassar A, Clayton AC et al (2014) Comparison of urine cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization in upper urothelial tract samples. Cancer Cytopathol 122:459–467. doi:10.1002/cncy.21414 Fernández MI, Parikh S, Grossman HB, Katz R, Matin SF, Dinney CPN et al (2012) The role of FISH and cytology in upper urinary tract surveillance after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 30(6):821–824. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.08.006 Chlapoutakis K, Theocharopoulos N, Yarmenitis S, Damilakis J (2010) Performance of computed tomographic urography in diagnosis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma, in patients presenting with hematuria: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 73:334–338. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.10.026 Fritz GA, Schoellnast H, Deutschmann HA, Quehenberger F, Tillich M (2006) Multiphasic multidetector-row CT (MDCT) in detection and staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. Eur Radiol 16:1244–1252. doi:10.1007/s00330-005-0078-0 Millán-Rodríguez F, Palou J, de la Torre-Holguera P, Vayreda-Martija JM, Villavicencio-Mavrich H, Vicente-Rodríguez J (1999) Conventional CT signs in staging transitional cell tumors of the upper urinary tract. Eur Urol 35:318–322. doi:19869 Takahashi N, Kawashima A, Glockner JF, Hartman RP, Leibovich BC, Brau ACS et al (2008) Small (<2-cm) upper-tract urothelial carcinoma: evaluation with gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled echo MR urography 1. Radiology 247:451–457. doi:10.1148/radiol.2472070798 Tanaka H, Yoshida S, Komai Y, Sakai Y, Urakami S, Yuasa T et al (2016) Clinical value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: impact on detection of metastases and patient management. Urol Int 96:65–72. doi:10.1159/000381269 Tsivian A, Tsivian M, Stanevsky Y, Tavdy E, Sidi AA (2014) Routine diagnostic ureteroscopy for suspected upper tract transitional-cell carcinoma. J Endourol 28:922–925. doi:10.1089/end.2013.0703 Clements T, Messer JC, Terrell JD, Herman MP, Ng CK, Scherr DS et al (2012) High-grade ureteroscopic biopsy is associated with advanced pathology of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma tumors at definitive surgical resection. J Endourol 26:398–402. doi:10.1089/end.2011.0426 Rojas CP, Castle SM, Llanos CA, Santos Cortes JA, Bird V, Rodriguez S et al (2013) Low biopsy volume in ureteroscopy does not affect tumor biopsy grading in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 31:1696–1700. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.05.010 Smith AK, Stephenson AJ, Lane BR, Larson BT, Thomas AA, Gong MC et al (2011) Inadequacy of biopsy for diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: implications for conservative management. Urology 78:82–86. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2011.02.038 Villa L, Cloutier J, Letendre J, Ploumidis A, Salonia A, Cornu J-N et al (2015) Early repeated ureteroscopy within 6-8 weeks after a primary endoscopic treatment in patients with upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma: preliminary findings. World J Urol. doi:10.1007/s00345-015-1753-7 Sung HH, Jeon HG, Han DH, Jeong BC, Il Seo S, Lee HM et al (2015) Diagnostic ureterorenoscopy is associated with increased intravesical recurrence following radical nephroureterectomy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. PLoS ONE 10:e0139976. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139976 Lee JK, Kim KB, Park YH, Oh JJ, Lee S, Jeong CW et al (2016) Correlation between the timing of diagnostic ureteroscopy and intravesical recurrence in upper tract urothelial cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 14:e37–e41. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2015.07.008 Nison L, Rouprêt M, Bozzini G, Ouzzane A, Audenet F, Pignot G et al (2013) The oncologic impact of a delay between diagnosis and radical nephroureterectomy due to diagnostic ureteroscopy in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas: results from a large collaborative database. World J Urol 31:69–76. doi:10.1007/s00345-012-0959-1 Kleinmann N, Healy KA, Hubosky SG, Margel D, Bibbo M, Bagley DH (2013) Ureteroscopic biopsy of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: comparison of basket and forceps. J Endourol 27:1450–1454. doi:10.1089/end.2013.0220 Traxer O, Geavlete B, de Medina SGD, Sibony M, Al-Qahtani SM (2011) Narrow-band imaging digital flexible ureteroscopy in detection of upper urinary tract transitional-cell carcinoma: initial experience. J Endourol 25:19–23. doi:10.1089/end.2009.0593 Kata SG, Aboumarzouk OM, Zreik A, Somani B, Ahmad S, Nabi G et al (2016) Photodynamic diagnostic ureterorenoscopy: a valuable tool in the detection of upper urinary tract tumour. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 13:255–260. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.08.002 Bus MTJ, Muller BG, de Bruin DM, Faber DJ, Kamphuis GM, van Leeuwen TG et al (2013) Volumetric in vivo visualization of upper urinary tract tumors using optical coherence tomography: a pilot study. J Urol 190:2236–2242. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.006 Matin SF, Kamat AM, Grossman HB (2010) High-frequency endoluminal ultrasonography as an aid to the staging of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: imaging findings and pathologic correlation. J Ultrasound Med 29:1277–1284 Bui D, Mach KE, Zlatev DV, Rouse RV, Leppert JT, Liao JC (2015) A pilot study of in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Endourol 29:1418–1423. doi:10.1089/end.2015.0523 Lughezzani G, Burger M, Margulis V, Matin SF, Novara G, Roupret M et al (2012) Prognostic factors in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas: a comprehensive review of the current literature. Eur Urol 62:100–114. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.02.030 Xylinas E, Kluth LA, Rieken M, Lee RK, Elghouayel M, Ficarra V et al (2014) Impact of smoking status and cumulative exposure on intravesical recurrence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy. BJU Int 114:56–61. doi:10.1111/bju.12400 Messer JC, Terrell JD, Herman MP, Ng CK, Scherr DS, Scoll B et al (2013) Multi-institutional validation of the ability of preoperative hydronephrosis to predict advanced pathologic tumor stage in upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 31:904–908. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.07.011 Chung PH, Krabbe L-M, Darwish OM, Westerman ME, Bagrodia A, Gayed BA et al (2014) Degree of hydronephrosis predicts adverse pathological features and worse oncologic outcomes in patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Urol Oncol 32:981–988. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.02.018 Isbarn H, Jeldres C, Shariat SF, Liberman D, Sun M, Lughezzani G et al (2009) Location of the primary tumor is not an independent predictor of cancer specific mortality in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 182:2177–2181. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.035 Raman JD, Ng CK, Scherr DS, Margulis V, Lotan Y, Bensalah K et al (2010) Impact of tumor location on prognosis for patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma managed by radical nephroureterectomy. Eur Urol 57:1072–1079. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.07.002 Chromecki TF, Cha EK, Fajkovic H, Margulis V, Novara G, Scherr DS et al (2012) The impact of tumor multifocality on outcomes in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy. Eur Urol 61:245–253. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2011.09.017 Remzi M, Haitel A, Margulis V, Karakiewicz P, Karakiewizc P, Montorsi F et al (2009) Tumour architecture is an independent predictor of outcomes after nephroureterectomy: a multi-institutional analysis of 1363 patients. BJU Int 103:307–311. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08003.x Brien JC, Shariat SF, Herman MP, Ng CK, Scherr DS, Scoll B et al (2010) Preoperative hydronephrosis, ureteroscopic biopsy grade and urinary cytology can improve prediction of advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 184:69–73. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.030 Favaretto RL, Shariat SF, Savage C, Godoy G, Chade DC, Kaag M et al (2012) Combining imaging and ureteroscopy variables in a preoperative multivariable model for prediction of muscle-invasive and non-organ confined disease in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int 109:77–82. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10288.x Margulis V, Youssef RF, Karakiewicz PI, Lotan Y, Wood CG, Zigeuner R et al (2010) Preoperative multivariable prognostic model for prediction of nonorgan confined urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. J Urol 184:453–458. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.142 Rouprêt M, Colin P, Yates DR (2014) A new proposal to risk stratify urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract (UTUCs) in a predefinitive treatment setting: low-risk versus high-risk UTUCs. Eur Urol 66:181–183. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.12.007