Epidemiological profile of common haemoglobinopathies in Arab countries
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbes S, Fattoum S, Vidaud M, Goossens M, Rosa J (1991) Sickle cell anemia in the Tunisian population: haplotyping and HB F expression. Hemoglobin 15:1–9
Abu-Ghoush MW (2008) Subtypes of alpha thalassemia diagnosed at a Medical Center in Jordan. TAF Prev Med Bull 7(5):373–376
Abuzenadah AM, Hussein IM, Damanhouri GA, Sayes FM, Gari MA, Chaudhary AG, Zaher GF, Al-Attas A, Al-Qahtani MH (2011) Molecular basis of beta-thalassemia in the western province of Saudi Arabia: identification of rare beta-thalassemia mutations. Hemoglobin 35:346–357
Adekile AD, Gu LH, Baysal E, Haider MZ, Al-Fuzae L, Aboobacker KC, Al-Rashied A, Huisman TH (1994) Molecular characterization of alpha-thalassemia determinants, beta-thalassemia alleles, and beta S haplotypes among Kuwaiti Arabs. Acta Haematol 92:176–181
Agouti I, Badens C, Abouyoub A, Khattab M, Sayah F, Barakat A, Bennani M (2007) Genotypic correlation between six common beta-thalassemia mutations and the XmnI polymorphism in the Moroccan population. Hemoglobin 31:141–149
Agouti I, Badens C, Abouyoub A, Levy N, Bennani M (2008) Molecular basis of beta-thalassemia in Morocco: possible origins of the molecular heterogeneity. Genet Test 12:563–568
Al-Aqeel AI (2007) Islamic ethical framework for research into and prevention of genetic diseases. Nat Genet 39:1293–1298
Al-Hosani H, Salah M, Osman HM, Farag HM, Anvery SM (2005) Incidence of haemoglobinopathies detected through neonatal screening in the United Arab Emirates. East Mediterr Health J 11:300–307
Al-Ali AK, Al-Ateeq S, Imamwerdi BW, Al-Sowayan S, Al-Madan M, Al-Muhanna F, Bashaweri L, Qaw F (2005) Molecular bases of beta-thalassemia in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. J Biomed Biotechnol 322–325
Al-Allawi N (2008) The preventive program for hemoglobinopathies in Duhok: an option or a necessity. Duhok Med J 2(1):1–4
Al-Allawi N (2011) Molecular characterization of inherited haematological disorders in Iraqis: trying to bridge the gap. HUGO J 5:124
Al-Allawi NA, Al-Dousky AA (2010) Frequency of haemoglobinopathies at premarital health screening in Dohuk, Iraq: implications for a regional prevention programme. East Mediterr Health J 16:381–385
Al-Allawi NA, Jubrael JM, Hughson M (2006) Molecular characterization of beta-thalassemia in the Dohuk region of Iraq. Hemoglobin 30:479–486
Al-Allawi NA, Badi AI, Imanian H, Nikzat N, Jubrael JM, Najmabadi H (2009) Molecular characterization of alpha-thalassemia in the Dohuk region of Iraq. Hemoglobin 33:37–44
Al-Allawi NA, Hassan KM, Sheikha AK, Nerweiy FF, Dawood RS, Jubrael J (2010a) Beta-thalassemia mutations among transfusion-dependent thalassemia major patients in Northern Iraq. Mol Biol Int 2010:479282
Al-Allawi NA, Shamdeen MY, Rasheed NS (2010b) Homozygosity for the Mediterranean α-thalassemic deletion (hemoglobin Barts hydrops fetalis). Ann Saudi Med 30:153–155
Al-Allawi NA, Jalal SD, Nerwey FF, Al-Sayan GO, Al-Zebari SS, Alshingaly AA, Markous RD, Jubrael JM, Hamamy H (2012) Sickle cell disease in the Kurdish population of northern Iraq. Hemoglobin 36:333–342
Al-Arrayad S (2006) Genetic diseases in Bahrain. In: Tadmouri GO, Taleb Al-Ali M, Al-Khaja N (eds) Genetic disorders in the Arab World: Bahrain. Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, Dubai
Al-Arrayed S (1995) Beta globin gene haplotypes in Bahraini patients with sickle cell anemia. Bahrain Med Bull 17(1):15–20
Al-Arrayed (2007) WHO-TIF meeting on the management of Hemoglobin disorders, Nicosia, Cyprus, 16–18 November
Al-Arrayed S, Al-Hajeri A (2010) Public awareness of sickle cell disease in Bahrain. Ann Saudi Med 30:284–288
Al-Arrayed S, Al-Hajeri A (2012) Newborn screening services in Bahrain between 1985 and 2010. Adv Hematol 2012:903219
Al-Arrayed S, Hafadh N, Al-Serasi S (1997) Premarital counselling: an experience from Bahrain. East Med Health J 3:415–419
Al-Arrayed S, Hafadh N, Amin S, Al-Mukhareq H, Sanad H (2003) Student screening for inherited blood disorders in Bahrain. East Mediterr Health J 9:344–352
Al-Awamy BH (2000) Thalassemia syndromes in Saudi Arabia. Meta-analysis of local studies. Saudi Med J 21:8–17
Al-Awamy BH, Al-Muzan M, Al-Turki M, Serjeant GR (1984) Neonatal screening for sickle cell disease in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78:792–794
Al-Gazali LI, Alwash R, Abdulrazzaq YM (2005) United Arab Emirates: communities and community genetics. Community Genet 8:186–196
Alhamdan NA, Almazrou YY, Alswaidi FM, Choudhry AJ (2007) Premarital screening for thalassemia and sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia. Genet Med 9:372–377
Alkindi S, Al-Zadjali S, Al-Madhani A, Daar S, Al-Haddabi H, Al-Abri Q, Gravell D, Berbar T, Pravin S, Pathare A, Krishnamoorthy R (2010) Forecasting hemoglobinopathy burden through neonatal screening in Omani neonates. Hemoglobin 34:135–144
Alkindi S, Pathare A, Al-Madhani A, Al-Zadjali S, Al-Haddabi H, Al-Abri Q, Gravell D, Mathew M, Krishnamoorthy R (2011) Neonatal Screening: mean haemoglobin and red cell indices in cord blood from Omani neonates. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 11:462–469
Alkuraya FS, Kilani RA (2001) Attitude of Saudi families affected with hemoglobinopathies towards prenatal screening and abortion and the influence of religious ruling (Fatwa). Prenat Diagn 21:448–451
Almutawa F, Alqamish J (2008) Prevalence of hemoglobinopathies among candidates attending premarital counseling in Bahrain. J Bahrain Med Soc 20(4):145–149
Al-Nood H (2009) Thalassemia trait in outpatient clinics of Sana’a City, Yemen. Hemoglobin 33:242–246
Al-Nood H, Al-Ismail S, King L, May A (2004) Prevalence of the sickle cell gene in Yemen: a pilot study. Hemoglobin 28:305–315
Al-Obaidli A, Hamodat M, Fawzi Z, Abu-Laban M, Gerard N, Krishnamoorthy R (2007) Molecular basis of thalassemia in Qatar. Hemoglobin 31:121–127
Al-Qurashi MM, El-Mouzan MI, Al-Herbish AS, Al-Salloum AA, Al-Omar AA (2008) The prevalence of sickle cell disease in Saudi children and adolescents. A community-based survey. Saudi Med J 29:1480–1483
Al-Riyami A, Ebrahim GJ (2003) Genetic blood disorders survey in the Sultanate of Oman. J Trop Pediatr 49(Suppl 1):i1–i20
Al-Riyami AA, Suleiman AJ, Afifi M, Al-Lamki ZM, Daar S (2001) A community-based study of common hereditary blood disorders in Oman. East Mediterr Health J 7:1004–1011
Al-Sulaiman A, Hewison J (2006) Attitudes to prenatal and preimplantation diagnosis in Saudi parents at genetic risk. Prenat Diagn 26:1010–1014
Al-Sulaiman A, Saeedi M, Al-Suliman A, Owaidah T (2010a) Postmarital follow-up survey on high risk patients subjected to premarital screening program in Saudi Arabia. Prenat Diagn 30:478–481
Al-Sulaiman A, Al-Odaib A, Al-Rejjal R, Hewison J (2010b) Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in Saudi Arabia: parents’ experience and attitudes. Prenat Diagn 30:753–757
Al-Suliman A (2006) Prevalence of beta-thalassemia trait in premarital screening in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 26:14–16
Al-Sultan A, Phanasgaonkar S, Suliman A, Al-Baqushi M, Nasrullah Z, Al-Ali A (2011) Spectrum of beta-thalassemia mutations in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Hemoglobin 35:125–134
Alswaidi FM, Memish ZA, O’Brien SJ, Al-Hamdan NA, Al-Enzy FM, Alhayani OA, Al-Wadey AM (2012) At-risk marriages after compulsory premarital testing and counseling for beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia, 2005–2006. J Genet Couns 21:243–255
Alwan A and Modell B (1997) Community control of genetic and congenital disorders. EMRO Technical Publication Series 24: WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Egypt
Ayesh SK, Al-Sharef WA, Nassar SM, Thawabteh NA, Abu-Libdeh BY (2005) Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in the West Bank and Gaza. Saudi Med J 26:1771–1776
Babiker MM, Bashir N, Sarsour N (1999) Prevalence of thalassaemia in schoolchildren in north-eastern Badia, Jordan. East Mediterr Health J 5:1165–1170
Badens C, di Martinez MF, Thuret I, Michel G, Mattei JF, Cappellini MD, Lena-Russo D (2000) Molecular basis of haemoglobinopathies and G6PD deficiency in the Comorian population. Hematol J 1:264–268
Bashir N, Barkawi M, Sharif L (1991) Prevalence of haemoglobinopathies in school children in Jordan Valley. Ann Trop Paediatr 11:373–376
Bashir N, Barkawi M, Sharif L, Momani A, Gharaibeh N (1992) Prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in north Jordan. Trop Geogr Med 44:122–125
Baysal E (2005) Molecular heterogeneity of beta-thalassemia in the United Arab Emirates. Community Genet 8:35–39
Baysal E (2011) Molecular basis of beta-thalassemia in the United Arab Emirates. Hemoglobin 35:581–588
Baysal E, Indrak K, Bozkurt G, Berkalp A, Aritkan E, Old JM, Ioannou P, Angastiniotis M, Droushiotou A, Yuregir GT (1992) The beta-thalassaemia mutations in the population of Cyprus. Br J Haematol 81:607–609
Bennani C, Bouhass R, Perrin-Pecontal P, Tamouza R, Malou M, Elion J, Trabuchet G, Beldjord C, Benabadji M, Labie D (1994) Anthropological approach to the heterogeneity of beta-thalassemia mutations in northern Africa. Hum Biol 66:369–382
Bittles A (2012) The global prevalence of consanguinity. Available from http://www.consang.net/
Boudrahem-Addour N, Zidani N, Carion N, Labie D, Belhani M, Beldjord C (2009) Molecular heterogeneity of beta-thalassemia in Algeria: how to face up to a major health problem. Hemoglobin 33:24–36
Center for Arab Genomic Studies (2012). Available from http://www.cags.org.ae/ctga_search.html
Chaabouni H, Chaabouni M, Maazoul F, M’rad R, Jemaa LB, Smaoui N, Terras K, Kammoun H, Belghith N, Ridene H, Oueslati B, Zouari F (2001) Prenatal diagnosis of chromosome disorders in Tunisian population. Ann Genet 44:99–104
Charafeddine K, Isma’eel H, Charafeddine M, Inati A, Koussa S, Naja M, Taher A (2008) Survival and complications of beta-thalassemia in Lebanon: a decade’s experience of centralized care. Acta Haematol 120:112–116
Chouk I, Daoud BB, Mellouli F, Bejaoui M, Gerard N, Dellagi K, Abbes S (2004) Contribution to the description of the beta-thalassemia spectrum in Tunisia and the origin of mutation diversity. Hemoglobin 28:189–195
Daar S, Hussein HM, Merghoub T, Krishnamoorthy R (1998) Spectrum of beta-thalassemia mutations in Oman. Ann N Y Acad Sci 850:404–406
Daar S, Hussain HM, Gravell D, Nagel RL, Krishnamoorthy R (2000) Genetic epidemiology of HbS in Oman: multicentric origin for the betaS gene. Am J Hematol 64:39–46
Darwish HM, El-Khatib FF, Ayesh S (2005) Spectrum of beta-globin gene mutations among thalassemia patients in the West Bank region of Palestine. Hemoglobin 29:119–132
Der Kaloustian VM, Khudr A, Firzli S, Dabbous I (1987) Psychosocial and economic profile of a sample of families with thalassaemic children in Lebanon. J Med Genet 24:772–777
Deyde VM, Lo BB, Khalifa IO, Ly B, Ball A, Fattoum S (2002) Epidemiological profile of hemoglobinopathies in the Mauritanian population. Ann Hematol 81:320–321
Di RA, Novelletto A, Aliquo MC, Bianco I, Tagarelli A, Brancati C, Colombo B, Felicetti L (1986) Molecular basis for HbH disease in Italy: geographical distribution of deletional and nondeletional alpha-thalassemia haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet 39:631–639
Diejomaoh FM, Haider MZ, Dalal H, Abdulaziz A, D’Souza TM, Adekile AD (2000) Influence of alpha-thalassemia trait on the prevalence and severity of anemia in pregnancy among women in Kuwait. Acta Haematol 104:92–94
El-Beshlawy A, Youssry I (2009) Prevention of hemoglobinopathies in Egypt. Hemoglobin 33(Suppl 1):S14–S20
El-Beshlawy A, Kaddah N, Moustafa A, Mouktar G, Youssry I (2007) Screening for beta-thalassaemia carriers in Egypt: significance of the osmotic fragility test. East Mediterr Health J 13:780–786
El-Beshlawy A, El-Shekha A, Momtaz M, Said F, Hamdy M, Osman O, Meshaal S, Gafaar T, Petrou M (2012) Prenatal diagnosis for thalassaemia in Egypt: what changed parents’ attitude? Prenat Diagn 32:777–782
Elgawhary S, Elbaradie Sahar MY, Rashad WM, Mosaad M, Abdalla MA, Ezzat G, Wali YA, Elbeshlawy A (2008) Prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in Egypt: implementing accurate high-tech methods did not reflect much on the outcome. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25:541–548
El-Gawhary S, El-Shafie S, Niazi M, Aziz M, El-Beshlawy A (2007) Study of beta-thalassemia mutations using the polymerase chain reaction–amplification refractory mutation system and direct DNA sequencing techniques in a group of Egyptian thalassemia patients. Hemoglobin 31:63–69
El-Harth EH, Kuhnau W, Schmidtke J, Stuhrmann M, Nasserallah Z, Al-Shahiri A (1999) Identification and clinical presentation of beta thalassaemia mutations in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. J Med Genet 36:935–937
El-Hazemi MAF, Warsy AS, Bashir N et al (1999) Haplotypes of the â-globin gene as prognostic factors in sickle cell disease. East Mediterr Health J 5(6):1154–1158, Ref Type: Generic
El-Hazmi MA (2007) Islamic teachings of bioethics in relation to the practice of medical genetics. Saudi Med J 28:1781–1787
El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS (1994) The frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase phenotypes and sickle cell genes in Al-Qatif oasis. Ann Saudi Med 14:491–494
El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS (1999) Appraisal of sickle-cell and thalassaemia genes in Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J 5:1147–1153
El-Hazmi MA, Al-Swailem AR, Warsy AS (1995) Molecular defects in beta-thalassaemias in the population of Saudi Arabia. Hum Hered 45:278–285
El-Kalla S, Baysal E (1998b) Genotype-phenotype correlation of sickle cell disease in the United Arab Emirates. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 15:237–242
El-Latif MA, Filon D, Rund D, Oppenheim A, Kanaan M (2002) The beta+−IVS-I-6 (T–>C) mutation accounts for half of the thalassemia chromosomes in the Palestinian populations of the mountain regions. Hemoglobin 26:33–40
El-Tayeb EN, Yaqoob M, Abdur-Rahim K, Gustavson KH (2008) Prevalence of beta-thalassaemia and sickle cell traits in premarital screening in Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Genet Couns 19:211–218
Farra C, Nassar AH, Usta IM, Salameh P, Souaid M, Awwad J (2008) Acceptance of preimplantation genetic diagnosis for beta-thalassemia in Lebanese women with previously affected children. Prenat Diagn 28:828–832
Fattoum S (2006) Hemoglobinopathies in Tunisia. An updated review of the epidemiologic and molecular data. Tunis Med 84:687–696
Fattoum S, Messaoud T, Bibi A (2004) Molecular basis of beta-thalassemia in the population of Tunisia. Hemoglobin 28:177–187
Filon D, Oron V, Krichevski S, Shaag A, Shaag Y, Warren TC, Goldfarb A, Shneor Y, Koren A, Aker M (1994) Diversity of beta-globin mutations in Israeli ethnic groups reflects recent historic events. Am J Hum Genet 54:836–843
Filon D, Oron V, Shawa R, Elborno E, Najjar K, Tulchinsky T, Rachmilewitz E, Rund D, Oppenheim A (1995) Spectrum of beta-thalassemia mutations in the Gaza area. Hum Mutat 5:351–353
Flint J, Harding RM, Clegg JB, Boyce AJ (1993) Why are some genetic diseases common? Distinguishing selection from other processes by molecular analysis of globin gene variants. Hum Genet 91:91–117
Galanello R, Eleftheriou A, Traeger-Synedinos J, Old J, Petrou M, Angastiniotis M (2003) Prevention of thalassaemia and other haemoglobin disorders, vol. 1. Thalassaemia International Federation Publications, Nicosia
Ganeshaguru K, Acquaye JK, Samuel AP, Hassounah F, Agyeiobese S, Azrai LM, Sejeny SA, Omer A (1987) Prevalence of thalassaemias in ethnic Saudi Arabians. Trop Geogr Med 39:238–243
Gupta A, Hattori Y, Gupta UR, Sarwai S, Nigam N, Singhal P, Agarwal S (2003) Molecular genetic testing of beta-thalassemia patients of Indian origin and a novel 8-bp deletion mutation at codons 36/37/38/39. Genet Test 7:163–168
Hadavi V, Taromchi AH, Malekpour M, Gholami B, Law HY, Almadani N, Afroozan F, Sahebjam F, Pajouh P, Kariminejad R, Kariminejad MH, Azarkeivan A, Jafroodi M, Tamaddoni A, Puehringer H, Oberkanins C, Najmabadi H (2007) Elucidating the spectrum of alpha-thalassemia mutations in Iran. Haematologica 92:992–993
Haider M, Adekile A (2005) Alpha-2-globin gene polyadenylation (AATAAA–>AATAAG) mutation in hemoglobin H disease among Kuwaitis. Med Princ Pract 14(Suppl 1):73–76
Haj Khelil A, Denden S, Leban N, Daimi H, Lakhdhar R, Lefranc G, Ben CJ, Perrin P (2010) Hemoglobinopathies in North Africa: a review. Hemoglobin 34:1–23
Hajer S, Neila T, Sondess HF, Fekria O, Nabila A, Mahbouba K, Melika D, Faida O, Amina B, Raja B, Hedi R, Sadok M, Naima K, Slaheddine F, Taieb M (2012) A lower-cost protocol for sickle cell disease neonatal screening in Tunisia. Ann Saudi Med 32:49–52
Hamamy H and Al-Hait S (2007) Premarital Screening program for beta-thalassemia in Jordan. Available from http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue21/selectedstudy.htm
Hamamy H, Alwan A (1994) Hereditary disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Bull World Health Organ 72:145–154
Hamamy H, Bittles AH (2008) Genetic clinics in Arab communities: meeting individual, family and community needs. Public Health Genom 12:30–40
Hamamy H, Al-Hait S, Alwan A, Ajlouni K (2007) Jordan: communities and community genetics. Community Genet 10:52–60
Hassan MK, Taha JY, Al-Naama LM, Widad NM, Jasim SN (2003) Frequency of haemoglobinopathies and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Basra. East Mediterr Health J 9:45–54
Hassan SM, Hamza N, Jaffer Al-Lawatiya F, Jaffer MA, Harteveld CL, Rajab A, Giordano PC (2010) Extended molecular spectrum of beta- and alpha-thalassemia in Oman. Hemoglobin 34:127–134
Hellani A, Fadel E, El-Sadadi S, El-Sweilam H, El-Dawood A, Abu-Amero KK (2009) Molecular spectrum of alpha-thalassemia mutations in microcytic hypochromic anemia patients from Saudi Arabia. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 13:219–221
Henderson S, Timbs A, McCarthy J, Gallienne A, Van MM, Masters G, May A, Khalil MS, Schuh A, Old J (2009) Incidence of haemoglobinopathies in various populations—the impact of immigration. Clin Biochem 42:1745–1756
Higgs DR, Goodbourn SE, Lamb J, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, Proudfoot NJ (1983) Alpha-thalassaemia caused by a polyadenylation signal mutation. Nature 306:398–400
Hussein IR, Temtamy SA, El-Beshlawy A, Fearon C, Shalaby Z, Vassilopoulos G, Kazazian HH Jr (1993) Molecular characterization of beta-thalassemia in Egyptians. Hum Mutat 2:48–52
Hussein G, Fawzy M, Serafi TE, Ismail EF, Metwally DE, Saber MA, Giansily M, Schved JF, Pissard S, Martinez PA (2007) Rapid detection of beta-thalassemia alleles in Egypt using naturally or amplified created restriction sites and direct sequencing: a step in disease control. Hemoglobin 31:49–62
Inati A, Taher A, Bou AW, Koussa S, Kaspar H, Shbaklo H, Zalloua PA (2003) Beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes and HbF levels are not the only modulators of sickle cell disease in Lebanon. Eur J Haematol 70:79–83
Jain RC (1979) Haemoglobinopathies in Libya. J Trop Med Hyg 82(6):128–132
Jalal SD, Al-Alawi NA, Faraj AH, Ahmed NH (2008) Prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in Sulaimani-Iraq. Dohuk Med J 2(1):71–79, Dohuk Med J 2[1]
Jalal SD, Al-Allawi NA, Bayat N, Imanian H, Najmabadi H, Faraj A (2010) Beta-thalassemia mutations in the Kurdish population of northeastern Iraq. Hemoglobin 34:469–476
Jassim N, Merghoub T, Pascaud O, al MH, Ducrocq R, Labie D, Elion J, Krishnamoorthy R, Arrayed SA (1998) Molecular basis of beta-thalassemia in Bahrain: an epicenter for a Middle East specific mutation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 850:407–409
Jassim N, Al-Arrayed S, Gerard N, Al-Mukharraq H, Al-Ajami A, Ducrocoq R et al (2001) Molecular basis of á-thalassemia in Bahrain. Bahrain Med Bull 23(1):3–7
Jiffri EH, Bogari N, Zidan KH, Teama S, Elhawary NA (2010) Molecular updating of beta-thalassemia mutations in the Upper Egyptian population. Hemoglobin 34:538–547
Kanavakis E, Papassotiriou I, Karagiorga M, Vrettou C, Metaxotou-Mavrommati A, Stamoulakatou A, Kattamis C, Traeger-Synodinos J (2000) Phenotypic and molecular diversity of haemoglobin H disease: a Greek experience. Br J Haematol 111:915–923
Kattamis C, Hu H, Cheng G, Reese AL, Gonzalez-Redondo JM, Kutlar A, Kutlar F, Huisman TH (1990) Molecular characterization of beta-thalassaemia in 174 Greek patients with thalassaemia major. Br J Haematol 74:342–346
Kulozik AE, Wainscoat JS, Serjeant GR, Kar BC, Al-Awamy B, Essan GJ, Falusi AG, Haque SK, Hilali AM, Kate S (1986) Geographical survey of beta S-globin gene haplotypes: evidence for an independent Asian origin of the sickle-cell mutation. Am J Hum Genet 39:239–244
Kyriacou K, Al-Quobaili F, Pavlou E, Christopoulos G, Ioannou P, Kleanthous M (2000) Molecular characterization of beta-thalassemia in Syria. Hemoglobin 24:1–13
Lal A, Vichinsky EP (2011) Sickle cell disease. In: Hoffbrand AV, Catovsky D, Tuddenham EGD, Green AR (eds) Postgraduate haematology, 6th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, pp 109–125
Laradi S, Haj KA, Omri H, Chaieb A, Mahjoub T, Benlimam H, Amri F, Saad A, Miled A, Leturcq F, Ben CJ, Beldjord C (2000) Molecular analysis and prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia: about our experience in central Tunisia. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 58:453–460
Lemsaddek W, Picanco I, Seuanes F, Nogueira P, Mahmal L, Benchekroun S, Khattab M, Osorio-Almeida L (2004) The beta-thalassemia mutation/haplotype distribution in the Moroccan population. Hemoglobin 28:25–37
Makhoul NJ, Wells RS, Kaspar H, Shbaklo H, Taher A, Chakar N, Zalloua PA (2005) Genetic heterogeneity of Beta thalassemia in Lebanon reflects historic and recent population migration. Ann Hum Genet 69:55–66
Memish ZA, Saeedi MY (2011) Six-year outcome of the national premarital screening and genetic counseling program for sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 31:229–235
Mesbah-Amroun H, Rouabhi F, Ducrocq R, Elion J (2008) Molecular basis of alpha-thalassemia in Algeria. Hemoglobin 32:273–278
Mohammed AM, Al-Hilli F, Nadkarni KV, Bhagwat GP, Bapat JP (1992) Hemoglobinopathies and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in hospital births in Bahrain. Ann Saudi Med 12:536–539
Mseddi S, Gargouri J, Labiadh Z, Kassis M, Elloumi M, Ghali L, Dammak J, Harrabi M, Souissi T, Frikha M (1999) Prevalence of hemoglobin abnormalities in Kebili (Tunisian South). Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 47:29–36
Nafei A (1992) Prevalence of hemogolobinopathies and study of their genetics. Tanta Med J 20(1):467–480
Najmabadi H, Karimi-Nejad R, Sahebjam S, Pourfarzad F, Teimourian S, Sahebjam F, Amirizadeh N, Karimi-Nejad MH (2001) The beta-thalassemia mutation spectrum in the Iranian population. Hemoglobin 25:285–296
Nasserullah Z, Al-Jame A, AbuSrair H, Al-Qatari G, Al-Naim S, Al-Aqib A, Mokhtar M (1998) Neonatal screening for sickle cell disease, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and a-thalassemia in Qatif and Al Hasa. Ann Saudi Med 18:289–292
Nasserullah Z, Alshammari A, Abbas MA, Abu-Khamseen Y, Qadri M, Jafer SA, Wabel MA (2003) Regional experience with newborn screening for sickle cell disease, other hemoglobinopathies and G6PD deficiency. Ann Saudi Med 23:354–357
Ogedegbe HO (2007) β-globin gene cluster haplotype analysis as a predictor of sickle cell disease severity. Labmedicine 38(9):563–568
Orkin SH, Goff SC, Hechtman RL (1981) Mutation in an intervening sequence splice junction in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:5041–5045
Oron-Karni V, Filon D, Shifrin Y, Fried E, Pogrebijsky G, Oppenheim A, Rund D (2000) Diversity of alpha-globin mutations and clinical presentation of alpha-thalassemia in Israel. Am J Hematol 65:196–203
Pagnier J, Mears JG, Dunda-Belkhodja O, Schaefer-Rego KE, Beldjord C, Nagel RL, Labie D (1984) Evidence for the multicentric origin of the sickle cell hemoglobin gene in Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81:1771–1773
Perrin P, Bouhassa R, Mselli L, Garguier N, Nigon VM, Bennani C, Labie D, Trabuchet G (1998) Diversity of sequence haplotypes associated with beta-thalassaemia mutations in Algeria: implications for their origin. Gene 213:169–177
Pirastu M, Galanello R, Doherty MA, Tuveri T, Cao A, Kan YW (1987) The same beta-globin gene mutation is present on nine different beta-thalassemia chromosomes in a Sardinian population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:2882–2885
PubMed (2012) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed
Quadri MI, Islam SI, Nasserullah Z (2000) The effect of alpha-thalassemia on cord blood red cell indices and interaction with sickle cell gene. Ann Saudi Med 20:367–370
Rahgozar S, Poorfathollah AA, Moafi AR, Old JM (2000) Beta S gene in Central Iran is in linkage disequilibrium with the Indian-Arab haplotype. Am J Hematol 65:192–195
Rahimi Z, Karimi M, Haghshenass M, Merat A (2003) Beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes in sickle cell patients from southwest Iran. Am J Hematol 74:156–160
Rajab A and Jaffar MA (2008) Genetic diseases in the Sultanate of Oman: public health perspective. Genetic disorders in Arab populations: a 2008 update. In: Tadmouri GO, Taleb Al-Ali M, Al-Khaja N (eds) Genetic disorders in the Arab World: Oman. Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, Dubai
Rajab AG, Patton MA, Modell B (2000) Study of hemoglobinopathies in Oman through a national register. Saudi Med J 21:1168–1172
Rajab KE, Issa AA, Mohammed AM, Ajami AA (2006) Sickle cell disease and pregnancy in Bahrain. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 93:171–175
Rizk S, Zayed S, Aziz M (2005) Identification of five common Alpha-thalassaemia genotypes among a group of Egyptian neonates by single tube PCR. Med J Cairo Univ 73(3):483–488
Rosatelli MC, Tuveri T, Scalas MT, Leoni GB, Sardu R, Faa V, Meloni A, Pischedda MA, Demurtas M, Monni G (1992) Molecular screening and fetal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in the Italian population. Hum Genet 89:585–589
Rouabhi F, Lapoumeroulie C, Amselem S, Krishnamoorthy R, Adjrad L, Girot R, Chardin P, Benabdji M, Labie D, Beldjord C (1988) DNA haplotype distribution in Algerian beta thalassaemia patients. An extended evaluation by family studies and representative molecular characterization. Hum Genet 79:373–376
Sadiq MF, Eigel A, Horst J (2001) Spectrum of beta-thalassemia in Jordan: identification of two novel mutations. Am J Hematol 68:16–22
Samarah F, Ayesh S, Athanasiou M, Christakis J, Vavatsi N (2009) Beta(S)-globin gene cluster haplotypes in the West Bank of Palestine. Hemoglobin 33:143–149
Serjeant GR (1989) Geography and the clinical picture of sickle cell disease. An overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci 565:109–119
Siala H, Ouali F, Messaoud T, Bibi A, Fattoum S (2008) alpha-Thalassaemia in Tunisia: some epidemiological and molecular data. J Genet 87:229–234
Simsek M, Nassar K, Baner A (1993) Incidence and genotype distribution of alpha-thalassemias in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract 3(4):181–184
Sirdah M, Bilto YY, El-Jabour S, Najjar K (1998) Screening secondary school students in the Gaza strip for beta-thalassaemia trait. Clin Lab Haematol 20:279–283
Sunna EI, Gharaibeh NS, Knapp DD, Bashir NA (1996) Prevalence of hemoglobin S and beta-thalassemia in northern Jordan. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 22:17–20
Tadmouri GO, Gulen RI (2003) Deniz: the electronic database for beta-thalassemia mutations in the Arab world. Saudi Med J 24:1192–1198
Tadmouri GO, Garguier N, Demont J, Perrin P, Basak AN (2001) History and origin of beta-thalassemia in Turkey: sequence haplotype diversity of beta-globin genes. Hum Biol 73:661–674
Talafih K, Hunaiti AA, Gharaibeh N, Gharaibeh M, Jaradat S (1996) The prevalence of hemoglobin S and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Jordanian newborn. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 22:417–420
Tarazi I, Al-Najjar E, Lulu N, Sirdah M (2007) Obligatory premarital tests for beta-thalassaemia in the Gaza Strip: evaluation and recommendations. Int J Lab Hematol 29:111–118
Teebi A, Farag T (1997a) Teebi A (2010) Genetic disorders among Arab populations, 2nd edn. Springer, New York
Teebi A, Farag T (1997b) Genetic disorders among Arab populations. Oxford monographs on medical genetics No. 30. Oxford University Press, New York
Tremblay C, Hamilton B, Sala M, Paoloni J, Chalabi H (2011) Prevalence of haemoglobinopathy in sportsmen in Qatar. Br J Sports Med 45:317
UNDP (2012) Arab Human Development Reports (AHDR)—United Nations Development Programme. Available from http://www.arab-hdr.org/undpcos.aspx
White JM, Byrne M, Richards R, Buchanan T, Katsoulis E, Weerasingh K (1986) Red cell genetic abnormalities in Peninsular Arabs: sickle haemoglobin, G6PD deficiency, and alpha and beta thalassaemia. J Med Genet 23:245–251
White JM, Christie BS, Nam D, Daar S, Higgs DR (1993) Frequency and clinical significance of erythrocyte genetic abnormalities in Omanis. J Med Genet 30:396–400
WHO (2006) Medical genetic services in developing countries: the ethical, legal and social implications of genetic testing and screening. WHO, Geneva
WHO (2012) http://www.emro.who.int/HIS/VHSL/
World Bank (2012) http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
World Health Organization (2010) http://rho.emro.who.int/rhodata/InstantAtlasMaps/AllIndicators/atlas.html
Yahya H, Khalel K, Al-Allawi N, Helmi F (1996) Thalassaemia genes in Baghdad, Iraq. East Mediterr Health J 2:315–319
Yavarian M, Karimi M, Zorai A, Harteveld CL, Giordano PC (2005) Molecular basis of Hb H disease in southwest Iran. Hemoglobin 29:43–50
Zahed L, Bou-Dames J (1997) Acceptance of first-trimester prenatal diagnosis for the haemoglobinopathies in Lebanon. Prenat Diagn 17:423–428
Zahed L, Demont J, Bouhass R, Trabuchet G, Hanni C, Zalloua P, Perrin P (2002) Origin and history of the IVS-I-110 and codon 39 beta-thalassemia mutations in the Lebanese population. Hum Biol 74:837–847