Environmental performance of alkali-activated binders for ground improvement

Afrin, 2017, A review on different types soil stabilization techniques, Int J Transport Eng Technol, 3, 19, 10.11648/j.ijtet.20170302.12 Provis, 2014, Geopolymers and Related Alkali-Activated Materials, Annu Rev Mater Res, 44, 299, 10.1146/annurev-matsci-070813-113515 Pourakbar, 2017, A review of alternatives traditional cementitious binders for engineering improvement of soils, Int J Geotech Eng, 11, 206 Arab, 2021, One-phase EICP biotreatment of sand exposed to various environmental conditions, J Mater Civ Eng, 33, 04020489, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003596 Abdullah, 2020, Review of fly-ash-based geopolymers for soil stabilisation with special reference to clay, Geosciences, 10, 249, 10.3390/geosciences10070249 Arab, 2019, Resilient behavior of sodium alginate–treated cohesive soils for pavement applications, J Mater Civ Eng, 31, 04018361, 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002565 Ouellet-Plamondon C, Habert G. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alkali-activated cements and concretes. In: Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes. Elsevier Inc.; 2015, pp. 663–686 https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782422884.5.663. Karrech, 2019, Sustainable geopolymer using lithium concentrate residues, Constr Build Mater, 228, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116740 Provis JL. Activating solution chemistry for Geopolymers. In: Provis J, Deventer J, Editors. Geopolymers: Structure, Processing, Properties and Industrial Applications. Woodhead Publishing: Abingdon, UK; 2009. pp. 50–71. Mohammadinia, 2019, Impact of potassium cations on the light chemical stabilization of construction and demolition wastes, Constr Build Mater, 203, 69, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.083 Provis, 2018, Alkali-activated materials, Cem Concr Res, 114, 40, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.009 Dungca JR, Codilla EET. Fly-ash-based geopolymer as stabilizer for silty sand embankment materials. Int J GEOMATE 2018; 14(46): 143–149. 10.21660/2018.46.7181. Lodeiro IG, Palomo A, Fernández-Jiménez A. An overview of the chemistry of alkali-activated cement-based binders. In: Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes; Elsevier BV: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2015; pp. 19–47. Yip, 2005, The coexistence of geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation, Cem Concr Res, 35, 1688, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.042 Mohammadinia, 2019, Flexural fatigue strength of demolition aggregates stabilized with alkali-activated calcium carbide residue, Constr Build Mater, 199, 115, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.031 Abdullah, 2018, Use of fly-ash geopolymer incorporating ground granulated slag for stabilisation of kaolin clay cured at ambient temperature, Geotech Geol Eng, 37, 721, 10.1007/s10706-018-0644-2 Arulrajah, 2021, Stabilization of PET plastic-demolition waste blends using fly ash and slag-based geopolymers in light traffic road bases/subbases, Constr Build Mater, 284, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122809 Abdullah, 2019, Geo-mechanical behavior of clay soils stabilized at ambient temperature with fly-ash geopolymer-incorporated granulated slag, Soils Found, 59, 1906, 10.1016/j.sandf.2019.08.005 Sukprasert, 2019, Fly ash based geopolymer stabilisation of silty clay/blast furnace slag for subgrade applications, Road Mater Pavement Design, 22, 357, 10.1080/14680629.2019.1621190 Singhi, 2015, Investigation on soil–geopolymer with slag, fly ash and their blending, Arab J Sci Eng, 41, 393, 10.1007/s13369-015-1677-y ISO. ISO 14040:2006 - Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework; 2006a. https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html. ISO. ISO 14044:2006 - Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines; 2006b. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html. McLellan, 2011, Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison to ordinary portland cement, J Cleaner Prod, 19, 1080, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.010 Turner LK, Collins FG. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) emissions: A comparison between geopolymer and OPC cement concrete. Constr Build Mater 2013; 43: 125–130. https://www.academia.edu/32268998/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent_CO_2_e_emissions_A_comparison_between_geopolymer_and_OPC_cement_concrete. Yang, 2013, Assessment of CO2 reduction of alkali-activated concrete, J Cleaner Prod, 39, 265, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.08.001 Teh, 2017, Hybrid life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from cement, concrete and geopolymer concrete in Australia, J Cleaner Prod, 152, 312, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.122 Habert, 2011, An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: Reviewing current research trends, J Cleaner Prod, 19, 1229, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.012 Jarah, 2020 Jarah B, Arab MG, Junaid T, Omar M. Effect of alkali activator type on the local UAE sand treated with alkali activated binders. In: 5th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE'20) October 18 - 20, 2020, Virtual Conference; 2020. PRé Sustainability. Updated Impact Assessment Methodology ReCiPe2016; 2020. https://simapro.com/2017/updated-impact-assessment-methodology-recipe-2016/. ISO. ISO 14045: 2012 - Environmental management — Ecoefficiency assessment of product systems — Principles, requirements and guidelines; 2012. Yang, 2019, Modeling study of ozone source apportionment over the Pearl River Delta in 2015, Environ Pollut, 253, 393, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.091 USEPA. Sodium Hydroxide - Reregistration Eligibility Decision Facts; 1992. https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/4065fact.pdf. ICF International. Sodium Silicate: Crops; 2011. Weibel, 2017, Chemical associations and mobilization of heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration, Waste Manage, 62, 147, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.004 ASTM C618. Standard specification for fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use as mineral admixture in Portland cement concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.02, Pennsylvania; 2019. Thannimalay, 2013, Life Cycle Assessment of Sodium Hydroxide, Aust J Basic Appl Sci, 7, 421 NSA. Chemical characteristics of iron and steel slag. Nippon Slag Association; 2003. https://www.slg.jp/e/slag/character.html. Tian, 2019, Study on properties of steel slag-blast furnace slag-zeolite binder for solidification/stabilization of heavy metals, IOP Conference Series: Earth Environ Sci, 227, 52070 ATSDR. Toxic Substances Portal: Sodium Hydroxide. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2014. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=248&tid=45. Haque, 2019, Characterization of organic aerosols from a Chinese megacity during winter: predominance of fossil fuel combustion, Atmos Chem Phys, 19, 5147, 10.5194/acp-19-5147-2019 Arab M, Junaid MT, Omar M, Zeiada W, Shanableh A, Rammal R. Using alkali-activated binders to improve uae dune sand. World Congress Civ, Struct, Environ Eng 2019. https://doi.org/10.11159/icgre19.179.