Environmental justice and biospheric egalitarianism: reflecting on a normative-philosophical view of human-nature relationship
Tóm tắt
The recent shift towards the interdisciplinary study of the human-environment relationship is largely driven by environmental justice debates. This article will distinguish four types of environmental justice and link them to questions of neoliberalism and altruism. First, environmental justice seeks to redress inequitable distribution of environmental burdens to vulnerable groups and economically disadvantaged populations. Second, environmental justice highlights the developed and developing countries’ unequal exposure to environmental risks and benefits. Third, temporal environmental justice refers to the issues associated with intergenerational justice or concern for future generations of humans. In all three cases, environmental justice entails equitable distribution of burdens and benefits to different nations or social groups. By contrast, ecological justice involves biospheric egalitarianism or justice between species. This article will focus on ecological justice since the rights of non-human species lags behind social justice debates and discuss the implications of including biospheric egalitarianism in environmental justice debates.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson E: Email to Listeserv Environmental Anthropology (EANTH-L), thread ‘Conservation Biology Approach and the Question of Reciprocity’, January 29, 2014. 2014.
Bakker K: The limits of ‘neoliberal natures’: Debating green neoliberalism. Progr Hum Geogr 2010, 34(6):715–735. 10.1177/0309132510376849
Baxter B Routledge Research in Environmental Politics. In A Theory of Ecological Justice. New York: Routledge; 2005.
Benjamenson TA, Rohde R, Sjaastad EP, Wisborg P, Lebert T: Land reform, range ecology, and carrying capacities in Namaqualand, South Africa. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 2006, 96(3):524–540. 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00704.x
Bennett S: 900 dolphins slaughtered in the Solomon Islands. X-Ray Mag, January 30. 2013.http://www.xray-mag.com/content/900-dolphins-slaughtered-solomon-islands-0 On-line: . Accessed July 20, 2013
Cafaro P, Crist E: Human population growth as if the rest of life mattered. In Life on the Brink: Environmentalists confront Overpopulation. Edited by: Cafaro P, Crist E. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press; 2012:141–153.
Cajete G: Look to the Mountain. An Ecology of Indigenous Education. Skyland: Kiwaki Press; 1994.
Cajete G: Native Science: Natural Laws of Interdependence. Santa Fe, NM: Clearlight Publishers; 2000.
Callicott JB: Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair. Environ Ethics 1980, 2: 311–328. 10.5840/enviroethics19802424
Callicott JB: Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Back together Again. 1988. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1703&context=bts
Callicott JB: Moral Monism in Environmental Ethics Defended. In Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press; 1999:171–183.
Cannavó PF: Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature by David Schlosberg. Ethics Polit Aff 2008. Available on-line http://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2008/defining-environmental-justice-theories-movements-and-nature-by-david-schlosberg/ Available on-line
Carter N: The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
Casagrande D, Peters C: Eco-myopia Meets the Longue Durée : An Information Ecology of the Increasingly Arid Southwestern U.S.A. In Environmental Anthropology: Future Directions. Edited by: Kopnina H, Shoreman-Ouimet E. New York and Oxford: Routledge; 2013:97–144.
Catton W, Dunlap R: Environmental sociology: A new paradigm. The American Sociologist 1978, 13: 41–49.
Chaudhuri T: Learning to Protect: Environmental Education in a South Indian Tiger Reserve. In Anthropology of Environmental Education. Edited by: Kopnina H. New York: Nova; 2012:87–113.
Clayton S: Models of justice in the environmental debate. J Soc Issues 2000, 56(3):459–474. 10.1111/0022-4537.00178
Clayton S, Brook A: Can psychology help save the world? A model for conservation psychology. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 2005, 5(1):87–102. 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2005.00057.x
Crist E: Limits-to-growth and the biodiversity crisis. Spring: Wild Earth; 2003:62–65.
Crist E: Abundant Earth and Population. In Life on the Brink: Environmentalists confront Overpopulation. Edited by: Cafaro P, Crist E. University of Georgia Press; 2012:141–153.
Crist E: Ecocide and the extinction of animal minds. In Ignoring Nature No More: The Case for Compassionate Conservation. Edited by: Bekoff M. Chicago: Chicago University Press; 2013:45–53. http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo14398472.html
Desmond J: Requiem for Roadkill: Death and Denial on America’s Roads. In Environmental Anthropology: Future Trends. Edited by: Kopnina H, Shoreman-Ouimet E. New York and Oxford: Routledge; 2013:46–58.
Dietz T, Fitzgerald A, Shwom R: Environnemental Values. Annu Rev Environ Resour 2005, 30: 335–372.
Dunlap R, Catton W: What environmental sociologists have in common (Whether concerned with ‘built’ or ‘natural’ environments). Socio Inq 1983, 53: 113–135. 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1983.tb00030.x
Eckersley R: Liberal democracy and the rights of nature: The struggle for inclusion. Environ Polit 1995, 4(4):169–198. 10.1080/09644019508414232
Eckersley R: The Green State. Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty. MIT Press: London; 2004.
Einarsson N: All animals are equal but some are cetaceans: Conservation and culture conflict. In Environmentalism: The View From Anthropology. Edited by: Milton K. New York: Routledge; 1993:73–84.
Elliot L: The Global Politics of the Environment. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004. EPA Environmental Justice Program and Civil Rights http://www.epa.gov/region1/ej/ EPA Environmental Justice Program and Civil Rights
Figueroa RM: Indigenous Peoples and Cultural Losses. In The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Edited by: Dryzek JS, Norgaard RB, Schlosberg D. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2011:232–250.
Foster JB: Ecology Against Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press; 2002.
Global Witness: Cambodia marks 1 year anniversary of Chut Wutty’s murder. 2013. April 26. . Accessed July 20, 2013 http://www.globalwitness.org/library/cambodia-marks-1-year-anniversary-chut-wutty%E2%80%99s-murder April 26. . Accessed July 20, 2013
Goldenberg S: Solomon Islands villagers kill 900 dolphins in conservation dispute. 2013. Guardian, January 24. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/jan/24/solomon-islands-villagers-kill-900-dolphins Guardian, January 24.
Grossman Z, Parker A: Asserting Native Resilience: Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations Face the Climate Crisis. Oregon: Oregon State University Press; 2012. http://osupress.oregonstate.edu/book/asserting-native-resilience
Guither HD: Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press; 1998.
Hardison P: E-mail on Listserv of Environmental Anthropology on January 8, 2014. 2014.
Harvey D: A brief history of neoliberalism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2005.
Holifield R: Defining environmental justice and environmental racism. Urban Geogr 2001, 22(1):78–90. 10.2747/0272-3638.22.1.78
Hornborg A: Global Ecology and Unequal Exchange: Fetishism in a Zero-Sum World. London: Routledge; 2011.
Hursh D, Henderson J: Contesting global neoliberalism and creating alternative futures. Discourse 2011, 32(2):171–185.
Inglehart R: The Silent Revolution in Post-Industrial Societies. Am Polit Sci Rev 1971, 65: 991–1017. 10.2307/1953494
Jamieson D: Animal liberation is an environmental ethic. 1997. Available on-line http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/ENTS/faculty/dale/dale_animal.html Available on-line
Kalland A Studies in Environmental Anthropology and Ethnobiology Series. In Unveiling the Whale: Discourses on whales and whaling. New York: Berghahn Books; 2009.
Kopnina H: Educating for Environmental Justice. Green Education. In SAGE Green Education Series, vol 7. Edited by: Robbins P, Newman J, Golson JG. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2010:128–130.
Kopnina H: Anthropology of Environmental Education. Edited by: Kopnina H. New York: Nova; 2012.
Kopnina H: Education for Sustainable Development (ESD): The turn away from ‘environment’ in environmental education? Environ Educ Res 2012, 18(5):699–717. 10.1080/13504622.2012.658028
Kopnina H: Towards Conservational Anthropology: Addressing anthropocentric bias in anthropology. Dialectical Anthropology 2012, 36(1):127–146.
Kopnina H: Re-Examining Culture/Conservation Conflict: the view of anthropology of conservation through the lens of environmental ethics. J Integr Environ Sci 2012, 9(1):9–25. 10.1080/1943815X.2011.625951
Kopnina H: The Lorax Complex: Deep ecology, Ecocentrism and Exclusion. J Integr Environ Sci 2012, 9(4):235–254. 10.1080/1943815X.2012.742914
Kopnina H: Evaluating Education for Sustainable Development (ESD): Using Ecocentric and Anthropocentric Attitudes toward the Sustainable Development (EAATSD) scale. Environ Dev Sustain 2013, 15(3):607–623. 10.1007/s10668-012-9395-z
Kopnina H: Requiem for the weeds: Reflections in Amsterdam city park. Sustain Cities Soc 2013, 9: 10–14.
Kopnina H: Schooling the World: Exploring the critical course on sustainable development through an anthropological lens. Int J Educ Res 2013, 62: 220–228.
Kopnina H: Forsaking Nature? Contesting ‘Biodiversity’ Through Competing Discourses of Sustainability. J Educ Sustain Dev 2013, 7(1):47–59.
Kopnina H: Christmas tale of (un)sustainability: reflecting on consumption and environmental awareness on the streets of Amsterdam. Sustain Cities Soc 2014, 10: 65–71.
Kopnina H, Shoreman-Ouimet E (Eds): Environmental Anthropology Today. New York: Routledge; 2011.
Liddick DR: Eco-Terrorism: Radical Environmental and Animal Liberation Movements. CT: Praeger Publishers; 2006.
Light A: Methodological Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Environmental Ethics. In Environmental Ethics: The Big Questions. Edited by: Keller D. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers; 2010.
Maldonado JK, Pandya RE, Colombi BJ: Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States: Impacts, Experiences, and Actions. Clim Change 2013, 120: 509–682. 10.1007/s10584-013-0849-6
McElroy A: Sedna’s Children: Inuit Elders’ Perceptions of Climate Change and Food Security. In Environmental Anthropology: Future Trends. Edited by: Kopnina H, Shoreman-Ouimet E. New York and Oxford: Routledge; 2013:145–171.
McGregor D: Honouring Our Relations: An Anishnaabe Perspective on Environmental Justice. In Speaking for Ourselves: Environmental Justice in Canada. Edited by: Agyeman J, Cole P, Haluza-Delay R. Vancouver, BC, Canada: University of British Columbia Press; 2009:27–41.
Melosi M: Equity, eco-racism and environmental history. Environ Hist Rev 1995, 19(3):1–16.
Merchant C: The Scientific Revolution and The Death of Nature. Isis 2006, 97: 513–533. 10.1086/508090
Milne S: Chut Wutty: Tragic casualty of Cambodia’s dirty war to save forests. 2012. http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2012/04/30/chut-wutty-tragic-casualty-of-cambodia%E2%80%99s-dirty-war-to-save-forests/
Mol APJ, Sonnenfeld DA: Ecological Modernisation around the World: Perspectives and Critical Debates. London and Portland: Routledge; 2000.
Müller MM: Justice as a Framework for the Solution of Environmental Conflicts. In Justice and Conflicts: Theoretical and Empirical Contributions. Edited by: Kals E, Maes J. New York: Springer; 2012:239–250.
Munro L: Compassionate Beasts. Westport, CT: Praeger; 2001.
Naess A: Ecology, Community, and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Edited by: Rothenberg D. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
Nibert D: Animal Rights, Human Rights: Entanglements of Oppression and Liberation. New York: Rowman and Littlefield; 2002.
Norton B: Environmental Ethics and weak anthropocentrism. Environ Ethics 1984, 6: 2. 10.5840/enviroethics19846115
Nussbaum M: Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality. Species Membership: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; 2009.
Nussbaum M, Sunstein C (Eds): Animal Rights. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004:299–320.
Peluso N: Coercing conservation: The politics of state resource control. Glob Environ Chang 1993, 3: 199–217. 10.1016/0959-3780(93)90006-7
Pountney J: Review of Kalland, Unveiling the whale. Durh Anthropol J 2012, 18(1):215–217.
Rhodes EL: Environmental Justice in America. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press; 2003.
Schlosberg D: Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
Schnaiberg A: The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity. New York: Oxford University Press; 1980.
Shepard P: On animal friends. In The Biophilia Hypothesis. Edited by: Kellert SR, Wilson EO. Washington: Island Press; 1993:275–300.
Shiva V: Monocultures of the Mind: Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Agriculture. New Delhi: Zed Press; 1993.
Shoreman-Ouimet E, Kopnina H: Introduction: Environmental Anthropology Yesterday and Today. In Environmental Anthropology Today. Edited by: Kopnina H, Shoreman-Ouimet E. New York and Oxford: Routledge; 2011:1–35.
Singer P: All Animals are equal. In Animal Rights and Human Obligations, New Jersey Edited by: Regan T, Singer P. 1989, 148–182.
Singer P: Reply to Martha Nussbaum, ‘Justice for Non-Human Animals’, The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, November 13. 2002. http://www.utilitarianism.net/singer/by/20021113.htm
Singer M, Evans JM: Water Wary: Understandings and Concerns about Water and Health among the Rural Poor of Louisiana. In Environmental Anthropology: Future Trends. Edited by: Kopnina H, Shoreman-Ouimet E. New York and Oxford: Routledge; 2013:172–187.
Stern PC, Dietz T, Abel T, Guagnano GA, Kalof L: A social psychological theory of support for social movements: the case of environmentalism. Hum Ecol Rev 1999, 6: 81–97.
Stone CD: Should Trees Have Standing–Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects. South Calif Law Rev 1972, 45: 450–487.
Stone CD: Should Trees Have Standing? Law, Morality, and the Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010.
Strang V: Notes for plenary debate. World Anthropology Congress. ASA-IUAES conference, Manchester, 5–10th August 2013. Motion: ‘Justice for people must come before justice for the environment’. 2013. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oldnYTYMx-k
Taylor BR: Dark Green Religion: Nature Spirituality and the Planetary Future. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2010.
Vrieze P, Naren K: SOLD: In the race to exploit Cambodia’s forests new maps reveal the rapid spread of plantations and mining across the country. The Cambodia Daily 2012, 4–11.
Wagley C: [1953] Amazon town. New York: Oxford University Press; 1976.
WCED: Brundtland Report Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987.
Weaver J: Defending mother earth: Native American perspectives on environmental justice. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books; 1996.
Wenzel GW: Canadian Inuit subsistence and ecological instability – if the climate changes, must the Inuit? Polar Res 2009, 28(1):89–99. 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00098.x
West P, Carrier JG: Getting Away from it all? Ecotourism and Authenticity. Curr Anthropol 2004, 45(4):483–498. 10.1086/422082
York R, Rosa EA: Key challenges to ecological modernization theory. Organ Environ 2003, 16(3):273–288. 10.1177/1086026603256299
