Environmental factors influencing transmission

Bergstrom, 1976, Small dung beetles as biological control agents: laboratory studies of beetle action on trichostrongylid eggs in sheep and cattle feces, 43, 171 Bryan, 1988, The grazing behavior of cattle in relation to the sampling of infective nematode larvae on pasture, Vet. Parasitol., 30, 73, 10.1016/0304-4017(88)90143-4 Bryan, 1989, Factors affecting the survival and migration of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of cattle in central Queensland, Vet. Parasitol., 30, 315, 10.1016/0304-4017(89)90101-5 Ciordia, 1963, The effects of various constant temperatures on the development of free living-stages of some nematode parasites of cattle, J. Parasitol., 49, 60, 10.2307/3275675 Ciordia, 1966, The effect of culture temperature and age on the infectivity of the larvae of Trichostrongylus axei and T. colubriformis in rabbits and guinea pigs, J. Parasitol., 52, 866, 10.2307/3276524 Couvillion, 1993, Estimation of the numbers of trichostrongylid larvae on pastures, Vet. Parasitol., 46, 197, 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90058-U Crofton, 1948, The ecology of immature phases of trichostrongyle nematodes, Parasitology, 39, 17, 10.1017/S0031182000083517 Durie, 1961, Parasite gastro-enteritis of cattle: the distribution and survival of infective strongyle larvae on pasture, J. Aust. Agric. Res., 12, 1200, 10.1071/AR9611200 Fincher, 1973, Dung beetles as biological control agents for gastrointestinal parasites of livestock, J. Parasitol., 59, 396, 10.2307/3278842 Fincher, 1975, Effects of dung beetle activity on the number of nematode parasites acquired by grazing cattle, J. Parasitol., 61, 759, 10.2307/3279480 Gibbs, 1979, Relative importance of winter survival of larval nematodes in pasture and infected carrier calves in a study of parasitic gastroenteritis in calves, Am. J. Vet. Res., 40, 227 Goldberg, 1968, Development and survival on pasture of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites of cattle, J. Parasitol., 54, 856, 10.2307/3277111 Gordon, 1948, The epidemiology of parasitic diseases, with special reference to studies with nematode parasites of sheep, Aust. Vet. J., 24, 17, 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1948.tb01569.x Grenfeld, 1983, Population biology and control of ostertagiasis in the first-year grazing calves, 70 Grønvold, 1984, Rain splash dispersal of third-stage larvae of Cooperia spp. (Trichostrongylidae), J. Parasitol., 70, 924, 10.2307/3281640 Grønvold, 1989, Factors influencing rain splash dispersal of infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi (Trichostrongylidae) from cow pats to the surroundings, Vet. Parasitol., 31, 57, 10.1016/0304-4017(89)90008-3 Holter, 1977, An experiment on the dung removal by Aphodius larvae (Scarabaeidae) and earthworms, Oikos, 28, 130, 10.2307/3543332 Krecek, 1988, Observations on the ability of larval Ostertagia ostertagi to migrate through pasture soil, 55, 24 Krecek, 1990, Effects of microclimatic variables on the availability and movement of third-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi on herbage, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 57, 133 Lancaster, 1987, Observations on the pattern of nematode availability on pasture grazed annually by cattle, 1959–1985, Vet. Rec., 120, 502, 10.1136/vr.120.21.502 Levine, 1963, Weather, climate and the bionomics of ruminant nematode larvae, Adv. Vet. Sci., 8, 215 Levine, 1974, Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus on pasture, Am. J. Vet. Res., 35, 1413 Levine, 1980, Nematode Parasites of Domestic Animals and Man, 163 Madsen, 1988, The effects of treatment of cattle with some anthelmintics on subsequent degradation of their drug, Acta. Vet. Scand., 29, 515, 10.1186/BF03548652 Michel, 1969, Observations on the epidemiology of parasite gastro-enteritis in calves, J. Helminthol., 43, 111, 10.1017/S0022149X00003965 Parfitt, 1955, Two techniques used for the detection and enumeration of the larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparous in feces and herbage, Lab. Pract., 4, 15 Rickard, 1991, Effect of ivermectin delivered from a sustained-release bolus on the productivity of beef cattle in Oregon, Vet. Parasitol., 39, 267, 10.1016/0304-4017(91)90043-U Silangwa, 1964, Vertical migration of trichostrongyle larvae in grasses, J. Parasitol., 50, 278, 10.2307/3276286 Smith, 1986, The development and mortality of the non-infective free-living stages of Ostertagia ostertagi in the field and in laboratory culture, Parasitology, 92, 471, 10.1017/S0031182000064222 Smith, 1986, Maximum-likelihood estimates of the mortality and migration rates of the larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, Parasitology, 92, 643, 10.1017/S0031182000065501 Smith, 1987, A mathematical model of the population biology of Ostertagia ostertagi in calves and yearlings, Parasitology, 95, 389, 10.1017/S0031182000057826 Smith, 1993, Mathematical models fore population biology of Ostertagia ostertagi and the significance of aggregated pasture distributions, Vet. Parasitol., 46, 243, 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90062-R Stromberg, 1991, Epizootiology of helminth parasitism in a beef cow/calf herd in Minnesota, Am. J. Vet. Res., 52, 1712 Tarshis, 1958, A preliminary study of the lateral migration by infective larvae of some cattle nematodes on experimentally contaminated forage plots, 25, 99 Taylor, 1939, Technique for the estimation of pasture infestation by strongyloid larvae, Parasitology, 31, 473, 10.1017/S0031182000013007 Thomas, 1974, The role of climate in the epidemiology of nematode parasitism in ruminants, 12, 13 Vercruysse, 1993, Efficacy of doramectin in the prevention of gastrointestinal nematode infections in grazing cattle, Vet. Parasitol., 49, 51, 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90223-A Williams, 1973, Distribution of Ostertagia ostertagi infective larvae on pasture herbage, Am. J. Vet. Res., 34, 1337 Williams, 1967, Survival of infective larvae of the cattle nematodes, Cooperia punctata, Trichostrongylus axei, and Oesophagostomum radiatum, Am. J. Vet. Res., 28, 629