Environmental exposure to bacteria and viruses may provide oncolytic protection against cancers, and declining exposure to infections may contribute to a rising incidence of cancer

Williams-Brown, 2005, Epidemiology of cancer in the United States, Semin Oncol Nurs, 21, 236, 10.1016/j.soncn.2005.06.004 Hawkins, 2002, Oncolytic biotherapy: a novel therapeutic platform, Lancet Oncol, 3, 17, 10.1016/S1470-2045(01)00618-0 Wildner, 2001, Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic agents, Ann Med, 33, 291, 10.3109/07853890109002081 Csatary, 1971, Viruses in the treatment of cancer, Lancet, 2, 825, 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92788-7 Bluming, 1971, Regression of Burkitt’s lymphoma in association with measles infection, Lancet, ii, 105, 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92086-1 Taqi, 1981, Regression of Hodgkin’s disease after measles, Lancet, i, 1112, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92286-8 Pasquinucci, 1971, Possible effect of measles on leukemia, Lancet, 136, 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)90869-5 Hoption Cann, 2002, Spontaneous regression: a hidden treasure buried in time, Med Hypotheses, 58, 115, 10.1054/mehy.2001.1469 Miki, 1991, Suicide process of renal cell carcinoma cells encountering mumps virus, Febs Lett, 278, 179, 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80111-F Webb, 1970, Viruses in the treatment of cancer, Lancet, 1208 Norman, 2000, Reovirus as a novel oncolytic agent, J Clin Invest, 105, 1035, 10.1172/JCI9871 Fernandez, 2002, Genetically engineered vesicular stomatitis virus in gene therapy: application for treatment of malignant disease, J Virol, 76, 895, 10.1128/JVI.76.2.895-904.2002 Moehler, 2001, Effective infection, apoptotic cell killing and gene transfer of human hepatoma cells but not primary hepatocytes by parvovirus H1 and derived vectors, Cancer Gene Ther, 8, 158, 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700288 Pawelek, 1997, Tumor targeted salmonella as a novel anticancer vector, Cancer Res, 57, 4537 Peng, 2002, Intraperitoneal therapy of ovarian cancer using an engineered measles virus, Cancer Res, 62, 4656 Grote, 2001, Live attenuated measles virus induces regression of human lymphoma xenografts in immunodeficient mice, Blood, 97, 3746, 10.1182/blood.V97.12.3746 Vardas, 1999, Isolation of measles virus from a naturally immune, asymptomatically reinfected individual, J Clin Virol, 13, 173, 10.1016/S1386-6532(99)00026-8 Edmunds, 2002, The effect of vaccination on the epidemiology of varicella zoster virus, J Infect, 44, 211, 10.1053/jinf.2002.0988 Wright, 2003, Gut reaction, Discover Feb, 24, 10.1038/423024a Blaser, 1997, Not all Helicobacter pylori strains are created equal: Should all be eliminated?, Lancet, 349, 1020, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09133-7 Rommelaire, 1991, Antineoplastic activity of parvoviruses, J Virol Methods, 33, 233, 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90024-T Smith, 1957, Recorded and expected mortality among indians of the United States with special reference to cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst, 18, 385 Faisst, 1998, Dose dependent regression of HELA cell-derived tumors in SCID mice after parvovirus H-1 infection, Int J Cancer, 75, 584, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980209)75:4<584::AID-IJC15>3.0.CO;2-9 Guetta, 1986, Suppression of Ehrlich ascites tumors in mice by minute virus of mice, J Natl Cancer Inst, 76, 1177 Nersesyan, 2002, Vaccines against dangerous infections and cancers, Lancet, 3, 331, 10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00771-4 Pisani, 1997, Cancer and infection: estimates of the attributable fraction in 1990, Cancer Epidem Biomar, 6, 387 Horig, 1999, Current issues in cancer vaccine development, Clin Immunol, 93, 211, 10.1006/clim.1999.4751 Menegoz, 2002, Contacts with animals and humans as risk factors for adult brain tumors. An international case-control study, Eur J Cancer, 38, 696, 10.1016/S0959-8049(01)00423-3