Enhanced perceptual priming for neutral stimuli occurring in a traumatic context: Two experimental investigations

1994 Amir, 1996, Implicit memory bias for threat in posttraumatic stress disorder, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 625, 10.1007/BF02227965 Arntz, 2005, Emotional memory is perceptual, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 19, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.003 Baddeley, 1997 Bouton, 2004, Memory processes in classical conditioning, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 663, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.001 Bower, 1998, Cognitive impact of traumatic events, Development and Psychopathology, 10, 625, 10.1017/S0954579498001795 Bremner, 1997, Trauma-related dissociative states and long-term psychopathology in posttraumatic stress disorder, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 37, 10.1002/jts.2490100105 Brewin, 2001, A cognitive neuroscience account of posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 373, 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00087-5 Brewin, 1996, A dual representation theory of post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychological Review, 103, 670, 10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.670 Christianson, 1992, Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review, Psychological Bulletin, 112, 284, 10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.284 Cohen, 1988 Conway, 2000, The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system, Psychological Review, 107, 261, 10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.261 Davey, 1987, An integration of human and animal models of pavlovian conitioning: Associations, cognitions, and attributions, 83 Dawson, 1987, Human autonomic and skeletal classical conditioning: The role of conscious factors, 27 Ehlers, 2000, A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319, 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0 Ehlers, 2005, Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 413, 10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.006 Ehlers, 2003, A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder, Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1024, 10.1001/archpsyc.60.10.1024 Ehlers, 2004, Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory, and therapy, Memory, 12, 403, 10.1080/09658210444000025 Ehlers, 2002, The nature of intrusive memories after trauma: The warning signal hypothesis, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 995, 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00077-8 Ehlers, 2006, Enhanced perceptual priming for neutral stimuli in a traumatic context: A pathway to intrusive memories?, Memory, 14, 316, 10.1080/09658210500305876 Ehlers, 1995, Maintenance of intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A cognitve approach, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 217, 10.1017/S135246580001585X Foa, 1989, Behavioural/cognitive conceptualisation of post-traumatic stress disorder, Behavior Therapy, 20, 155, 10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80067-X Golier, 2003, Memory for trauma-related information in holocaust survivors with PTSD, Psychiatry Research, 121, 133, 10.1016/S0925-4927(03)00120-3 Hackmann, 2004, Characteristics and content of intrusive memories in PTSD and their changes with treatment, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 231, 10.1023/B:JOTS.0000029266.88369.fd Halligan, 2002, Cognitive processing, memory, and the development of PTSD symptoms: Two experimental analogue studies, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33, 73, 10.1016/S0005-7916(02)00014-9 Halligan, 2003, Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: The role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 419, 10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.419 Holmes, 2004, Trauma films, information processing, and intrusive memory development, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 3, 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.3 Holmes, 2005, Intrusive images and hotspots of trauma memories in Posttraumatic Stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of emotions and cognitive themes, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 3, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.002 Jacoby, 1993, Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139, 10.1037/0096-3445.122.2.139 Keane, 1985, A behavioral formulation of PTSD in Vietnam veterans, Behavior Therapist, 8, 9 MacMillan, 1991 Marmar, 1997, The Peritraumatic dissociative experiences questionnaire, 412 McNally, 1996, Perceptual implicit memory for trauma-related information in post-traumatic stress disorder, Cognition and Emotion, 10, 551, 10.1080/026999396380150 Mellman, 1985, Combat-related flashbacks in posttraumatic stress disorder: phenomelogy and similarity to panic attacks, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 46, 379 Michael, 2005, Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder, Emotion, 5, 103, 10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.103 Michael, 2005, Unwanted memories of assault: What intrusion characteristics are associated with PTSD?, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 613, 10.1016/j.brat.2004.04.006 Murray, J. (1997). The role of dissociation in the development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder. Unpublished DPhil. thesis, University of Oxford, UK. Murray, 2002, Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: Two prospective studies of motor vehicle accident survivors, British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 363, 10.1192/bjp.180.4.363 Öhman, 1986, Face the beast and fear the face: Animal and social fears as prototyps for evolutionary analyses of emotion, Psychophysiology, 23, 123, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00608.x Orr, 2000, De novo conditioning in trauma-exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 290, 10.1037/0021-843X.109.2.290 Ozer, 2003, Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52, 10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52 Peri, 2000, Psychophysiologic assessment of aversive conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder, Biological Psychiatry, 47, 512, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00144-4 Rosario, M., Ehlers, A., Williams, R., & Glucksman, E. (submitted). Cognitive processing during trauma predicts posttraumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident survivors. Rosenthal, 1995, Progress in clinical psychology: Is there any?, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practive, 2, 133 Schacter, 1992, Priming and multiple memory systems: Perceptual mechanisms of implicit mmeory, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 244, 10.1162/jocn.1992.4.3.244 Schacter, 1996 Schacter, 1993, Implicit memory: A selective review, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 159, 10.1146/annurev.ne.16.030193.001111 Siegel, 1995, Memory, trauma, and psychotherapy: A cognitive science view, The Journal of Psychotherapy. Practice and Research, 4, 94 Spiegel, 1990, New uses of hypnosis in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 39 Tulving, 1982, Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 336 van der Kolk, 1995, Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 505, 10.1002/jts.2490080402