Energetics of the magnetospheric superstorm on November 20, 2003
Tóm tắt
The magnetospheric storm on November 20, 2003 was one of two greatest events in 1957–2003. The D
st
*
index reached −472 nT, the polar cap potential drop exceeded 200 kV, the polar cap boundary expanded up to Φ = 60°, the plasma layer density in the synchronous orbit reached 5 cm−3, and the inner edge of the plasma sheet penetrated up to L ∼ 1.5R
E. The sequence of disturbance modes including some previously unknown is described. The distribution of the total power input into the magnetosphere between the ionosphere (power Q
i) and the ring current (Q
DR), as well as the relative roles of the spontaneous substorms and the driven disturbances in the creation of the DR current, is analyzed. The values of the parameter α = Q
DR/Q
i are calculated with a step of 5 min. It is shown that intervals with α ≪ 1 and with maximums α ≫ 1 were observed in the events under consideration. These results contradict the dominant opinion that the energy input into the magnetosphere during disturbances is primarily dissipated in the ionosphere. The two types of α maximums are observed: one in the mode of a prevailing spontaneous substorm and the other in the mixed mode of the substorm and driven disturbance. It is concluded that both types of the maximums and corresponding enhancements of the DR current appeared due to the plasma turbulization processes in the substorm current wedge. The parameter α appears to slowly increase from α ≪ 1 to α > 1 with increasing activity level; this trend supports the driven model of creating the DR current due to an increase in the electric field of the solar wind.
Tài liệu tham khảo
S.-I. Akasofu, “Energy Coupling between the Solar Wind and the Magnetosphere,” Space Sci. Rev. 28, 121–190 (1981).
R. K. Burton, R. L. MCPherron, and C. T. Russell, “An Empirical Relationship between Interplanetary Conditions and Dst,” J. Geophys. Res. 80A, 4204–4214 (1975).
A. J. Dessler and E. N. Parker, “Hydromagnetic Theory of Geomagnetic Storms,” J. Geophys. Res. 64, 2239 (1959).
W. Gonszalez, B. T. Tsurutani, L. C. Gonszalez Alicia, et al., “Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling during Intense Magnetic Storms (1978–1979),” J. Geophys. Res. 94A, 8835–8851 (1989).
W. D. Gonzalez, J. A. Joselyn, and H. W. Kamide, “What Is Geomagnetic Storm?,” J. Geophys. Res. 99, 57715792 (1994).
M. E. Greenspan and D. C. Hamilton, “A Test of DesslerParker-Sckopke Relation during Magnetic Storms,” J. Geophys. Res. 105A, 5419–5430 (2000).
Ch.-S. Huang and G. D. Reeves, G. Le, and K. Yumoto, “Are Sawtooth Oscillations of Energetic Plasma Particle Fluxes Caused by Periodic Substorms or Driven by Solar Wind Pressure Enhancements,” J. Geophys. Res. 110, A07207 (2005).
T. Iyemory and R. K. Rao, “Decay of the Dst Field of Geomagnetic Disturbance after Substorm Onset and Its Implication to Storm-Substorm Relation,” Ann. Geophys. 14, 618 (1996).
Y. Kamide and W. Baumjohann, in Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling, Ed. by M. C. E. Huber (Springer, Heidelberg, 1993).
C. F. Kennel, “Convection and Substorms, Paradigms of Magnetospheric Phenomenology,” in International Series on Astronomy and Astrophysics (New York, 1995).
H. E. J. Koskinen and E. I. Tanskanen, “Magnetospheric Energy Budget and the Epsilon Parameter,” J. Geophys. Res. 107A, 1415 (2002).
A. E. Levitin, R. G. Afonina, B. A. Belov, and Y. I. Feldstein, “Geomagnetic Variation and Field-Aligned Currents at Northern High Latitudes and Their Relations to the Solar Wind Parameters,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A 304, 253 (1982).
L. R. Lyons, D.-Y. Lee, C.-P. Wang, et al., “Global Auroral Responses to Abrupt Solar Wind Changes: Dynamic Pressure, Substorm, and Null Events,” J. Geophys. Res. 110, A08208 (2005).
V. M. Mishin and C.-G. Falthammar, “Pseudo-and True Substorm Onsets within Framework of the Analogy,” in Magnetospheric Substorms-Solar Flares, Ed. by S. Kokubun and Y. Kamide (Kluwer, Tokyo, 1998), pp. 319–322.
V. M. Mishin, “The Magnetogram Inversion Technique and Some Applications,” Space Sci. Rev. 53, 83–163 (1990).
V. M. Mishin, A. D. Bazarzhapov, and G. B. Shpynev, “Electric Fields and Currents in the Earth’s Magnetosphere,” Astrophys. Space Sci. 78, 249–268 (1979).
V. M. Mishin, A. D. Bazarzhapov, and G. B. Shpynev, “Mathematical Analysis of the Geomagnetic Variation Field,” Geomagn. Aeron. 24(1), 160–162 (1984).
V. M. Mishin, M. Foerster, T. I. Saifudinova, et al., “Substorm and Controlled Disturbances according to the Data of Selected Intervals during Magnetospheric Substorm of November 20, 2003,” Geomagn. Aeron. (in press).
V. M. Mishin, M. Foerster, T. I. Saifudinova, et al., “Basic Regimes of the Super-Storm on N 20, 2003, and the Problem Substorms-Storm,” in Sun and Geosphere (2005).
V. M. Mishin, S. B. Lunyushkin, D. Sh. Shirapov, et al., “A New Method for Generating Instantaneous Ionospheric Conductivity Models Using Ground-Based Magnetic Data,” Planet. Space Sci. 34, 713–722 (1986).
V. M. Mishin, T. I. Saifudinova, A. D. Bazarzhapov, et al., “Two Distinct Substorm Onsets,” J. Geophys. Res. 106A, 13 105–13 118 (2001).
Y. Miyashita, S. Machida, T. Mukai, et al., “Mass and Energy Transport in the Near and Middistant Magnetotail around Substorm Onsets: Geotail Observations,” J. Geophys. Res. 106A, 6259–6274 (2001).
T. Murayama, “Coupling Function between Solar Wind Parameters and Geomagnetic Indices,” Rev. Geophys. 20, 623–629 (1982).
T. P. O’Brien and R. L. McPherron, “An Empirical Phase Space Analysis of Ring Current Dynamics Solar Wind Control of Injection and Decay,” J. Geophys. Res. 105A, 7707–7719 (2000).
N. Ostgaard, G. Germany, J. Stadnes, and R. R. Vondrak, “Energy Analysis of Substorms Based on Remote Sensing Techniques, Solar Wind Measurements, and Geomagnetic Indices,” J. Geophys. Res. 107A, JA002002 (2002).
M. I. Pudovkin, S. A. Zaitseva, and L. Z. Sizova, “Growth Rate and Decay of Magnetospheric Ring Current,” Planet. Space Sci. 33(10), 1097–1102 (1985).
N. Sckopke, “A General Relation between the Energy of Trapped Particles on the Disturbance Field near the Earth,” J. Geophys. Res. 71, 3125–3130 (1966).
A. S. Sharma, D. N. Baker, M. Grande, et al., “StormSubstorm Relatinoship: Current Understanding and Outlook,” in Disturbances in Geospace the Storm-Substorm Relationship, Ed. by A. S. Sharma, Y. Kamide, and G. S. Lakhina (2003), Vol. 142, pp. 1–14.
N. E. Turner, D. N. Baker, T. I. Pulkkinen, et al., “Energy Content in the Storm Time Ring Current,” J. Geophys. Res. 106A, 19 149–19 156 (2001).
D. R. Weimer, D. M. Ober, and N. C. Maynard, “Variable Time Delays in the Propagation of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field,” J. Geophys. Res. 107A, JA009102 (2002).
L. A. Weiss, P. Reiff, J. Moses, et al., “Energy Dissipation in Substorms,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Substorms ICS-1, 1992, pp. 309–317.