Endothelial dysfunction in HIV infection

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Mastroianni CM, Lichtner M, Mengoni F, et al.: Changes in circulating levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules following highly active antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. Clin Immunol 2000, 95:212–217. Wolf K, Tsakiris DA, Weber R, et al.: Antiretroviral therapy reduces markers of endothelial and coagulation activation in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2002, 185:456–462. Zhong DS, Lu XH, Conklin BS, et al.: HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir induces cytotoxicity of human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002, 22:1560–1566. Another excellent basic research study to explain how ritonavir may affect endothelial cells. Mooser V: Atherosclerosis and HIV in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: towards an epidemic of cardiovascular disease? AIDS 2003, 17(Suppl 1):S65–69. Rhew DC, Bernal M, Aguilar D, et al.: Association between protease inhibitor use and increased cardiovascular risk in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:959–972. Shankar SS, Dube MP, Gorski JC, et al.: Indinavir impairs endothelial function in healthy HIV-negative men. Am Heart J 2005, 150:933. Faulx MD, Wright AT, Hoit BD: Detection of endothelial dysfunction with brachial artery ultrasound scanning. Am Heart J 2003, 145:943–951. Stein JH, Klein MA, Bellehumeur JL, et al.: Use of human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors is associated with atherogenic lipoprotein changes and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2001, 104:257–262. Stein JH, Merwood MA, Bellehumeur JL, et al.: Effects of pravastatin on lipoproteins and endothelial function in patients receiving human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. Am Heart J 2004, 147:E18. Hurlimann D, Chenevard R, Ruschitzka F, et al.: Effects of statins on endothelial function and lipid profile in HIV infected persons receiving protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral combination therapy: a randomised double blind crossover trial. Heart 2006, 92:110–112. Charakida M, Donald AE, Green H, et al.: Early structural and functional changes of the vasculature in HIV-infected children: impact of disease and antiretroviral therapy. Circulation 2005, 112:103–109. Probably the most convincing study showing the effects of HIV infection and of antiretroviral therapy on endothelial function in a group of patients (children) with no traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease. Stein JH, Cotter BR, Parker RA, et al.: Antiretroviral therapy improves endothelial function in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective randomized multicenter trial (Adult AIDS Trials Group Study A5152s) [abstract]. Circulation 2005, 112:1210. Nolan D, Watts GF, Herrmann SE, et al.: Endothelial function in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitor therapy: does immune competence affect cardiovascular risk? QJM 2003, 96:825–832.