Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertension

(1) Shimokawa H and Vanhoutte PM : Endothelium and vascular injury in hypertension and atherosclerosis. In : Handbook of Hypertension. eds by Zanchetti A and Mancia G, pp 1007-1068, Elsevier Science, New York, 1997

(2) Luscher TF and Vanhoutte PM : The Endothelium ; Modulator of Cardiovascular Function, pp 1-400, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1990

(3) Furchgott RF and Zawadzki JV : The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature, 288 : 373-376, 1980

(4) Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, and Higgs EA : Nitric oxide ; physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev, 43 : 109-142, 1991

(5) Feletou M and Vanhoutte PM : Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of canine coronary smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol, 93 : 515-524, 1988

(6) Vanhoutte PM and Shimokawa H : Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (s) and coronary vasospasm. Circulation, 80 : 1-9, 1989

(7) Nakaike R, Shimokawa H, Owada MK, Tokunaga O, Yasutake H, Kishimoto T, Imada C, Shiraishi T, Egashira K, and Takeshita A : Vanadate causes the synthesis of endothelium-derived nitric oxide via pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein in pigs. Am J Physiol, 271 : H296-H302, 1996

(8) Hecker M, Bara AT, Bauersachs J, and Busse R. : Characterization of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor as a cytochrome P450-derived arachidonic acids metabolite in mammals. J Physiol (Lond), 481 : 407-414, 1994

(9) Shimokawa H, Yasutake H, Fujii K, Owada MK, Nakaike R, Fukumoto Y, Takayanagi T, Nagao T, Egashira K, Fujishima M, and Takeshita A : The importance of the hyperpolarizing mechanism increases as the vessel size decreases in endothelium-dependent relaxations in rat mesenteric circulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 28 : 703-711, 1996

(10) Urakami-Harasawa L, Shimokawa H, Nakashima M, Egashira K, and Takeshita A : Inportance of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in human arteries. J Clin Invest, 100 : 2793-2799, 1997

(11) Rubanyi GM and Vanhoutte PM : Superoxide anions and hyperoxia inactivate endothelium-derived relaxing factor (s). Am J Physiol, 250 : H822-H827, 1986

(12) Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y, Yazaki Y, Goto K, and Masaki T : A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature, 332 : 411-415, 1988

(13) Vanhoutte PM and Boulanger CM : Endotheliumdependent responses in hypertension. Hypertens Res, 18 : 87-98, 1995

(14) Vanhoutte PM : Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension.J Hypertens, 14 (suppl 5) : S83-S93, 1996

(15) Gabbiani G, Glemes G, Guelpa C, Valloton MB, Badonnel MC, and Huttner 1 : Morphologic and functional changes of the aortic intima during experimental hypertension. Am J Pathol, 96 : 399-422, 1979

(16) Limas C, Westrum B, lwai J, and Limas CJ : Aortic morphology in salt-dependent genetic hypertention. Am J Pathol, 107 : 378-394, 1982

(17) Schwartz SM and Benditt EP : Aortic endothelial cell replication. Effects of age and hypertension. Circ Res, 41 : 248-255, 1977

(18) Hazama F, Ozaki T, and Amano S : Scanning electron microscopic study of endothelial cells of cerebral arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke, 10 : 245-252, 1979

(19) Chobanian AV, Brecher PI, and Haudenschild CC : Effects of hypertension and of antihypertensive therapy on atherosclerosis. Hypertension, 8 (Suppl I) : 15-21, 1986.

(20) Konishi M and Su C : Role of endothelium in dilator responses of spontaneously hypertensive rat arteries. Hypertension, 5 : 881-886, 1983

(21) Winquist RJ, Bunting PB, Baskin EP, and Wallace AA : Decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation in New Zealand genetic hypertensive rats. J Hypertens, 2 : 536-541, 1984

(22) Van de Voorde J and Leusen 1 : Endothelium-dependent and independent relaxation effects on aorta preparations of renal hypertensive rats. Arch Int Physiol Biochem, 92 : 35-36, 1984

(23) Lüscher TF, Raij L, and Vanhoutte PM : Endotheliumdependent responses in normotensive and hypertensive Dahl rats. Hypertension, 9 : 157-163, 1987

(24) Miller MJS, Pinto A, and Mullane KM : Impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations in rabbits subjected to aortic coarctation hypertension. Hypertension, 10 : 164-170, 1987

(25) Sim MK and Singh M : Decreased responsiveness of the aortae of hypertensive rats to acetylcholine, histamine and noradrenaline. Br J Pharmacol, 90 : 147-150, 1987

(26) Lüscher TF and Vanhoutte PM : Endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension, 8 : 344-348, 1986

(27) Auch-Schwelk W, Katusic ZS, and Vanhoutte PM : Thromboxane A<SUB>2</SUB> receptor antagonists inhibit endothelium-dependent contractions. Hypertension, 15 : 699-703, 1990

(28) Kato T, Iwama Y, Okumura K, Hashimoto H, Ito K, and Satake T : Prostaglandin H<SUB>2</SUB> may be the endotheliumderived contracting factor released by acetylcholine in the aorta of the rat. Hypertension, 15 : 475-481, 1990

(29) Dohi Y, Thiel MA, Buhler FR, and Lascher TF : Activation of endothelial L-arginine pathway in resistance arteries. Hypertension, 15 : 170-179, 1990

(30) Fujii K, Tomonaga M, Ohmori S, Kobayashi K, Koga I, Tanaka Y, and Fujishima M : Decreased endotheliumdependent hyperpolarization to acetylcholine in smooth muscle of the mesenteric artery of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res, 70 : 660-669, 1992

(31) Linder L, Kiowski W, Buhler FR, and Lascher TF : Indirect evidence for release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in human forearm circulation in vivo. Blunted response in essential hypertension. Circulation, 81 : 1762-1767, 1990

(32) Panza JA, Ouyyumi AA, Brush JE Jr, and Epstein SE : Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med, 323 : 22-27, 1990

(33) Yoshida M, Imaizumi T, Ando S, Hirooka Y, Harada S, and Takeshita A : Impaired forearm vasodilatation by acetylcholine in patients with hypertension. Heart Vessels, 6 : 218-223, 1991

(34) Cockcrof JR, Chowienczyk PJ, Bemjamin N, and Ritter JM : Preserved endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med, 330 : 1036-1040, 1994

(35) Panza JA, Casino PR, Bader DM, and Quyyumi AA : Effect of increased availability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide precursor on endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation, 87 : 1475-1481, 1993

(36) Imaizumi T, Hirooka Y, Masaki H, Harada S, Momohara M, Tagawa T, and Takeshita A : Effects of L-arginine on forearm vessels and responses to acetylcholine. Hypertension, 20 : 511-517, 1992

(37) Rees DD, Palmer RM, and Moncada S : The role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86 : 3375-3378, 1989

(38) Arnal JF, Warin L, and Michel JB : Determinants of aortic cyclic guanosine monophosphate in hypertension induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. J Clin Invest, 90 : 647-652, 1992

(39) Val lance P, Collier J, and Moncada S : Effects of endothelium derived nitric oxide on peripheral arteriolar tone in man. Lancet, ii : 997-1000, 1989

(40) Haynes WG, Noon JP, Walker BR, and Webb DJ : Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis increases blood pressure in healthy humans. J Hypertens, 11 : 1375-1380, 1993

(41) Thomas G and Ramwell PW : Interaction of non-arginine compounds with the endothelium-derived relaxing factor inhibitor, NG-monomethyl L-arginine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 260 : 676-679, 1992

(42) Peterson DA, Peterson DC, Archer S, and Weir EK : The non specificity of specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 187 : 797-801, 1992

(43) Buxton ILO, Cheek DJ, Eckman D, Westfall DP, Sanders KM, and Keef KD : NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and other alkyl esters of arginine are muscarinic antagonists. Circ Res, 72 : 387-395, 1993

(44) Wang YX, Poon CI, Poon KS, and Pang CCY : Inhibitory actions of diphenylene-iodonium on endotheliumdependent vasodilatations in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol, 110 : 1232-1238, 1993

(45) Nakaike R, Shimokawa H, Yasutake H, Sumimoto H, Ito A, Numaguchi K, Egashira K, Takeshige K, and Takeshita A : Effects of L-arginine analogues on vasomotion of isolated porcine coronary arteries. Am J Physiol, 268 : H1966-H1972, 1995

(46) Huang PL, Huang Z, Bloch KD, Moskowitz MA, Bevan JA, and Fishman MC : Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature, 377 : 239-242, 1995

(47) Bonnardeaux A, Nadaud S, Charru A, Jeunemaitre X, Corvol P, and Soubrier F : Lack of evidence for linkage of the endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene to essential hypertension. Circulation, 91 : 96-102, 1995

(48) Shimokawa H, Aarhus LL, and Vanhoutte PM : Porcine coronary arteries with regenerated endothelium have a reduced endothelium-dependent responsiveness to aggregating platelets and serotonin. Circ Res, 61 : 256-270, 1987

(49) Shimokawa H, Flavahan NA, and Vanhoutte PM : Natural course of the impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations after balloon endothelium-removal in porcine coronary arteries. Circ Res, 65 : 740-753, 1989

(50) Shimokawa H, Flavahan NA, and Vanhoutte PM : Anglographic demonstration of hyperconstriction induced by serotonin and aggregating platelets in porcine coronary arteries with regenerated endothelium. J Am Coll Cardiol, 17 : 1197-1202, 1991

(51) Shibano T, Codina J, Birmbauer L, and Vanhoutte PM : Pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins in regenerated endothelial cells. Am J Physiol, 267 : H979-H981, 1994

(52) Tsutsui M, Shimokawa H, Tanaka S, Kuwaoka I, Hase K, Nogami N, Nakanishi K, and Okamatsu S : Endothelial Gi protein in human coronary arteries. Eur Heart J, 15 : 1261-1266, 1994

(53) Sawada Y, Sakamaki T, Nakamura T, Sato K, Ono Z, and Murata K : Release of nitric oxide in response to acetylcholine is unaltered in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens, 12 : 745-750, 1994

(54) Van de Voorde J, Vanheel B, and Leusen 1 : Endothelium-dependent relaxation and hyperpolarization in aorta from control and renal hypertensive rats. Circ Res, 70 : 1-8, 1992

(55) Boulanger CM and Vanhoutte PM : Interleukin-2 causes endothelium-dependent contractions to arachidonic acid. Hypertension, 21 : 289-293, 1993

(56) L&uuml;scher TF and Vanhoutte PM : Endothelium-dependent responses to platelets and serotonin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 8 (suppl II) : 1155-1160, 1986

(57) Auch-Schwelk W and Vanhoutte PM : Endothelium-derived contracting factor released by serotonin in the aorta of the SHR. Am J Hypertens, 4 : 769-772, 1991

(58) Auch-Schwelk W and Vanhoutte PM : Contractions to endothelin in normotensive and spontaneoulsy hypertensive rats : role of endothelium and prostaglandins. Blood Press, 1 : 45-49, 1992

(59) Taddei S and Vanhoutte PM : Role of endothelium in endothelin-evoked contractions in the rat aorta. Hypertension, 21 : 9-15, 1993

(60) Mombouli JV and Vanhoutte PM : Purinergic endothelium-dependent and independent contractions in rat aorta. Hypertension, 22 : 577-583, 1993

(61) L&uuml;scher TF, Rubanyi GM, Aarhus LL, Edoute Y, and Vanhoutte PM : Serotonin reduces coronary flow in the isolated heart of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Hypertens, 4 (suppl 5) : S148-S150, 1986

(62) Taddei S, Virdis A, Mattei P, and Salvetti A : Vasodilation to acetylcholine in primary and secondary forms of human hypertension. Hypertension, 21 : 929-933, 1993

(63) Boulanger CM, Morrison KJ, and Vanhoutte PM : Mediation by M<SUB>3</SUB>-muscarinic receptors mediate both endothelium-dependent contraction and relaxation to acetylcholine in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Br J Pharmacol, 112 : 519-524, 1994

(64) Auch-Scwelk W, Katusic ZS, and Vanhoutte PM : Nitric oxide inactivates endothelium-derived contracting factor in the rat aorta. Hypertension, 19 : 442-445, 1992

(65) Ito T, Kato T, Iwama Y, Muramatsu M, Shimizu K, Asano H, Okumura K, Hashimoto H, and Satake T : Prostaglandin H<SUB>2</SUB> as an endothelium-derived contracting factor and its interaction with endothelium-derived nitric oxide. J Hypertens, 9 : 729-736, 1991

(66) Ge T, Hughes H, Junquero DC, Wu KK, Vanhoutte PM, and Boulanger CM : Endothelium-dependent contractions are associated with both augmented expression of prostaglandin H synthase-1 and hypersensitivity to prostaglandin H<SUB>2</SUB> in the SHR aorta. Circ Res, 76 : 1003-1010, 1995

(67) Lin L, Balazy M, Pagano PJ, and Nasjletti A : Expression of prostaglandin H<SUB>2</SUB>-mediated mechanism of vascular contraction in hypertensive rats : relation to lipoxygenase and prostacyclin synthase activities. Circ Res, 74 : 197-205, 1994

(68) Vanhoutte PM and Katusic ZS : Endothelium-derived contracting factor : endothelium and/or superoxide anion ? Trends Pharmacol Sci, 9 : 229-230, 1988

(69) Rubanyi GM and Vanhoutte PM : Superoxide anions and hyperoxia inactivate endothelium-derived relaxing factor (s). Am J Physiol, 250 : H822-H827, 1986

(70) Auch-Schwelk W, Katusic ZS, and Vanhoutte PM : Contractions to oxygen-derived free radicals are augmented in aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension, 13 : 859-864, 1989

(71) Garcia CE, Kilcoyne CM, Cardilo C, Cannon RO III, Ouyyumi AA, and Panza JA : Effect of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension, 26 : 863-868, 1995

(72) Vanhoutte PM : Is endothelin involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension ? Hypertension, 21 : 747-751, 1993

(73) Suzuki N, Miyauchi T, Tomobe Y, Matsumoto H, Goto K, Masaki T, and Fujino M : Plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 in spontaneously hypertensive rats and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 167 : 941-947, 1990

(74) Vemulapalli S, Chiu PJS, Rivelli M, Foster CJ, and Sybertz EJ : Modulation of circulating endothelin levels in hypertension and endotoxemia in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 18 : 895-903, 1991

(75) Kohno M, Yasunari K, Murakawa KI, Yokokawa K, Horio T, Fukui T, and Takeda T : Plasma immunoreactive endothelin in essential hypertension. Am J Med, 88 : 614-618, 1990

(76) Saito Y, Nakao K, Mukoyama M, and Imura H : Increased plasma endothelin level in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med, 322 : 205, 1990

(77) Davenport AP, Ashby MJ, Easton P, Ella S, Bedford J, Dickerson C, Nunez DJ, Capper SJ, and Brown MJ : A sensitive radioimmunoassay measuring endothelin-like immunoreactivity in human plasma : Comparison of levels in patients with essential hypertension and normotensive control subjects. Clin Sci, 78 : 261-264, 1990

(78) Schiffrin EL and Thibault G : Plasma endothelin in human essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 4 : 303-308, 1991

(79) Hirata Y, Matsuoka H, Kimura K, Fukui K, Hayakawa H, Suzuki E, Sugimoto T, Yanagisawa M, and Masaki T : Renal vasoconstriction by the endothelial cell-derived peptide endothelin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res, 65 : 1370-1379, 1989

(80) Winquist RJ, Bunting PB, Garsky VM, Lumman PK, and Schofield TL : Prominent depressor response to endothelin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol, 163 : 199-203, 1989

(81) Miyauchi T, Ishikawa T, Tomobe Y, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, Sugishita Y, Ito I, Goto K, and Masaki T : Characteristics of pressor response to endothelin in spontaneously hypertensive and Wister-Kyoto rats. Hypertension, 14 : 427-434, 1989

(82) Auch-Scwelk W and Vanhoutte PM : Contractions to endothelin in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats : Role of endothelium and prostaglandins. Blood Press, 1 : 45-49, 1992

(83) Dohi Y and L&uuml;scher TF : Endothelin in hypertensive resistance arteries. Hypertension, 18 : 543-549, 1991

(84) Kurihara Y, Kurihara H, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Maemura K, Nagai R, Oda H, Kuwaki T, Cao W-H, Kamada N, Jishage K, Oucho Y, Azuma S, Toyoda Y, Ishikawa T, Kumada M, and Yazaki Y : Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature, 368 : 693-694, 1994

(85) L&uuml;scher TF, Vanhoutte PM, and Raij L : Antihypertensive treatment normalizes decreased endothelium-dependent relaxations in salt-induced hypertension of the rat. Hypertension, 9 (suppl 111) : 111193-111197, 1987

(86) Takase H, Moreau P, Kung CF, Nava E, and Lijscher TF : Antihypertensive therapy prevents endothelial dysfunction in chronic nitric oxide deficiency. Effect of verapamil and trandolapril. Hypertension, 27 : 25-31, 1996

(87) Lyons D, Webster J, and Benjamen N : The effect of antihypertensive therapy on responsiveness to local intra-arterial N<SUP>G</SUP>-monomethyl-L-arginine in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens, 12 : 1047-1052, 1994

(88) Gray SD and De Mey JG : Vascular reactivity in neonatal spontaneously hypertensive rats. Prog Appl Microcirc, 8 : 173-180, 1985

(89) Dohi Y, Thiel M, B&uuml;hler FR, and L&uuml;scher TF : Activation of endothelial L-arginine pathway in resistance arteries : effect of age and hypertension. Hypertension, 15 : 170-179, 1990

(90) Gerhard M, Roddy M-A, Creager SJ, and Creager MA : Aging progressively impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans. Hypertension, 27 : 849-853, 1996

(91) Fujii K, Ohmori S, Tominaga M, Abe I, Takata Y, Ohya Y, Kobayashi K, and Fujishima M : Age-related changes in endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization in the rat mesenteric artery. Am J Physiol, 265 : HSO9-H516, 1993

(92) Nakashima M and Vanhoutte PM : Age-dependent decrease in endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization to endothelin-3 in the rat mesenteric artery. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 22 (suppl 8) : S352-S354, 1993

(93) Koga T, Tanaka U, Kobayashi K, Takishita S, Yamashita Y, and Fujishima M : Age and hypertension promote endothelium-dependent contractions to acetylcholine in the aorta of the rat. Hypertension, 14 : 542-548, 1989

(94) Lang MG, Noll G, and L&uuml;scher TF : Effect of aging and hyperpolarization on contractility of resistance arteries : modulation by endothelial factors. Am J Physiol, 269 : H837-H844, 1995

(95) Liischer TF, Cooke JP, Houston DS, Neves RJ, and Vanhoutte PM : Endothelium-dependent relaxations in human arteries. Mayo Clinic Proc, 62 : 601-606, 1987

(96) Vanhoutte PM, Auch-Scwelk W, Biondi ML, Lorenz RR, Schini VB, and Vidal MJ : Why are converting enzyme inhibitors vasodilators ? Br J Clin Pharmacol, 28 : 95S-104S, 1989

(97) Mombouli J-V, Illiano S, Nagao T, Scott-Burden T, and Vanhoutte PM : Potentiation of endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin by angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors in canine coronary artery involves both endothelium-derived relaxing and hyperpolarizing factor. Circ Res, 71 : 137-144, 1992

(98) Mombouli JV and Vanhoutte PM : Kinins and endothelial control of vascular smooth muscle. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 35 : 679-705, 1995

(99) Shimokawa H, Lam JYT, Chesebro JH, Bowie EJW, and Vanhoutte PM : Effects of dietary supplementation with cod-liver oil on endothelium-dependent responses in porcine coronary arteries. Circulation, 76 : 898-905, 1987

(100) Shimokawa H and Vanhoutte PM : Dietary &omega;3 fatty acids and endothelium-dependent relaxations in porcine coronary arteries. Am J Physiol, 256 : H968-H973, 1989

(101) Shimokawa H, Aarhus LL, and Vanhoutte PM : Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augment endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin in porcine coronary microvessels. Br J Pharmacol, 95 : 1191-1196, 1989

(102) Shimokawa H and Vanhoutte PM : Dietary cod-liver oil improves endothelium-dependent responses in hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic porcine coronary arteries. Circulation, 78 : 1421-1430, 1988

(103) Tagawa H, Shimokawa H, Tagawa T, Kuroiwa-Matsumoto M, Hirooka Y, and Takeshita A : Short-term estrogen augments both nitric oxide-mediated and nonnitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent forearm vasodilation in postmenopausal women. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 30 : 481-488, 1997

(104) Vanhoutte PM : Vascular endothelium and Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> antagonists. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 12 (Suppl 6) : S21-S28, 1988