Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation

World Development - Tập 27 Số 4 - Trang 629-649 - 1999
Arun Agrawal1, Carl H. Gibson2
1Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
2Indiana University-Bloomington , USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abrams, E., Freter, A., Rue, D. and Wingard, J. (1996) The role of deforestation in the collapse of the late classic Copan Maya state. In Tropical Deforestation: The Human Dimension, ed. Leslie E. Sponsel, Thomas N. Headland, and Robert C. Bailey, pp. 55–75. Columbia University Press, New York

Agrawal, A. (1994a) Rules, rule-making and rule-breaking: Examining the fit between rule systems and resource use. In Rules, Games and Common-Pool Resources, ed. Elinor Ostrom, Roy Gardner and James Walker, pp. 267–82. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor

Agrawal, A. (1994b) I don't need it but you can't have it: Politics on the commons. Pastoral Development Network 36(July), 36–55

Agrawal, A. (1995a) Dismantling the divide between indigenous and scientific knowledge. Development and Change 26, 413–439

Agrawal, A. (1995b) Institutions for disadvantaged groups. Paper prepared for the Department of Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development, United Nations, New York

Agrawal, A. (1996) The community vs the market and the state. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9 (1), 1–15

Agrawal, A. (1999) Greener Pastures: Politics, Markets, and Community among a Migrant Pastoral People. Duke University Press, Durham, NC

Agrawal, A. and Yadama, G. (1997) How do local institutions mediate market and population pressures on resources? Forest Panchayats in Kumaon, India. Development and Change 28 (3), 435–65

Agrawal, A. and Goyal, S. (1998) Group size and collective action: Forest councils of Kumaon, India. Mimeo, Department of Political Science, Yale University, New Haven

Alcorn, J. (1981) Huastec noncrop resource management: Implications for prehistoric rain forest management. Human Ecology 9, 395–417

Alcorn, J. (1993) Indigenous peoples and conservation. Conservation Biology 7 (2), 424–6

Almond, G. A. and Verba, S. (1963) The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton University Press, Princeton

Alston, L. J., Eggertsson, T. and North, D. C. eds. (1996) Empirical Studies in Institutional Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Alvard, M. S. (1993) Testing the “Ecologically Noble Savage” hypothesis: Interspecific prey choice by Piro hunters of Amazonian Peru. Human Ecology 21, 355–387

Anderson, A. and Posey, D. (1989) Management of a tropical scrub savanna by the Gorotire Kayapo of Brazil. Advances in Economic Botany 7, 159–173

Anderson, D. and Grove, R. eds. (1989) Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Arizpe, L., Stone, M. P. and Major, D. eds. (1994) Population and Environment: Rethinking the Debate. Westview, Boulder, CO

Arnold, J. E. M. (1990) Social forestry and communal management in India. Social Forestry Network Paper 11b, Overseas Development Institute, London

Ascher, W. (1995) Communities and Sustainable Forestry in Developing Countries. ICS Press, San Francisco

Bailey, R. C. (1990) Exciting opportunities in tropical rain forest: A reply to Townsend. American Anthropologist 92 (3), 747–8

Bailey, R. C. (1996) Promoting biodiversity and empowering local people in central African forests. In Tropical Deforestation: The Human Dimension, ed. Leslie E. Sponsel, Thomas N. Headland, and Robert C. Bailey, pp. 316–341. Columbia University Press, New York

Bailey, R. C. et al. (1989) Hunting and gathering in the tropical rain forest: Is it possible? American Anthropologist 91, 59–82

Bailey, R. and Headland, T. (1991) The tropical rain forest: Is it a productive environment for human foragers? Human Ecology 19 (2), 261–85

Baines, G. (1991) Asserting traditional rights: Community conservation in Solomon Islands. Cultural Survival Quarterly 15 (2), 49–51

Balee, W. (1992) People of the fallow: A historical ecology of foraging in lowland South America. In Conservation of Neotropical Forests, ed. Kent Redford and C. Padoch, pp. 35–57. Columbia University Press, New York

Balee, W. (1994) Footprints in the Forest: Ka'apor Ethnobotany — The Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an Amazonian People. Columbia University Press, New York

Bates, R. H. (1983) Essays in the Political Economy of Tropical Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley

Bates, R. H. (1989) Beyond the Miracle of the Market. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Baviskar, A. (1995) In the Belly of the River: Tribal Conflicts over Development in the Narmada Valley. Oxford University Press, Delhi

Bender, T. (1978) Community and Social Change in America. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

Berkes, F. ed. (1989) Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community Based Sustainable Development. Belhaven Press, London

Bhatt, C. P. (1990) The Chipko Andolan: Forest conservation based on people's power. Environment and Urbanization 2, 7–18

Black, C. (1967) The Dynamics of Modernization. Harper, New York

Booth, J. W. (1994) On the idea of the moral economy. American Political Science Review 88, 653-67

Borda, F. ed. (1985) The Challenge of Social Change. Sage, London

Borghese, E. (1987) Third world development: The role of non-governmental organizations. The OECD Observer, No. 145

Bratton, M. (1989a) The Politics of government-NGO relations in Africa. World Development 17 (4), 569-587

Bratton, M. (1989b) Beyond the state: Civil society and associational life in Africa. World Politics 41 (3), 407-430

Bromley, D. et al. ed. (1992) Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice and Policy. Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco

Brookfield, H. and Padoch, C. (1994) Appreciating agrodiversity: A look at the dynamism and diversity of indigenous farming practices. Environment 36 (5), 6–11, 37–45

Chambers, R. (1979) Rural Development: Whose Knowledge Counts? IDS Bulletin 10 (2)

Chambers, R. E. and McBeth, M. K. (1992) Community encouragement: Returning to the basis for community development. Journal of the Community Development Society 23 (2), 20–38

Chitere, O. P. ed. (1994) Community Development: Its Conceptions and Practice with Emphasis on Africa. Gideon S. Were Press, Nairobi

Clark, J. (1991) Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations. Kumarian Press, West Hartford, CT

Clay, J. ed. (1988) Indigenous Peoples and Tropical Forests: Models of Land Use and Management from Latin America. Report # 27, Cultural Survival, Cambridge, MA

Clist, N. (1989) Archaeology in Gabon, 1886–1988. African Archaeological Review 7, 59–95

Clugston, R. M. and Rogers T. J. (1995) Sustainable livelihoods in North America. Development 3 (Sept) 60–63

Coleman, J. S. (1990) Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

Conklin, H. (1957) Hanunoo Agriculture. United Nations, Rome

Cook, C. (1996) The divided island of New Guinea: People, development and deforestation. In Tropical Deforestation: The Human Dimension, ed. Leslie E. Sponsel, Thomas N. Headland, and Robert C. Bailey, pp. 253–271. Columbia University Press, New York

Cowen, M. and Shenton R. (1995) The invention of development. In Powers of Development, ed. Jonathan Crush, pp. 27–43. Routledge, New York

Dahlman, C. (1980) The Open Field System and Beyond: A Property Rights Analysis of an Economic Institution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Dei, G. J. S. (1992) A forest beyond the trees: Tree cutting in rural Ghana. Human Ecology 20 (1), 57–88

Denevan, W. M. (1992) The pristine myth: The landscape of the Americas in 1492. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (3), 369–385

Deutsch, K. (1961) Social mobilization and political development. American Political Science Review 53 (3), 493–514

Donovan, R. (1994) BOSCOSA: Forest Conservation and Management through Local Institutions (Costa Rica). In Natural Connection: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation, ed. David Western and R. Michael Wright, 215–233. Island Press, Washington, DC

Dorm-Adzobu, C. and Veit P. G. (1991) Religious Beliefs and Environmental Protection: The Malshegu Sacred Grove in Northern Ghana. WRI Nairobi, Kenya

Douglass, M. (1992) The political economy of urban poverty and environmental management in Asia: Access, empowerment and community based alternatives. Environment and Urbanization 4 (2), 9–32

Dove, M. (1982) The myth of the “communal” longhouse in rural development In Too Rapid Rural Development, ed. C. MacAndrews and L.S. Chin, pp. 14–78. Ohio State University Press, Athens

Eckholm, E. (1976) Losing Ground: Environmental Stress and World Food Prospects. W.W. Norton & Co., New York

Edgerton, R. (1992) Sick Societies: Challenging the Myth of Primitive Harmony. Free Press, New York

Ensminger, J. (1992) Making a Market: The Institutional Transformation of an African Society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Etzioni, A. (1996) Positive aspects of community and the dangers of fragmentation. Development and Change 27, 301–314

Fairhead, J. and Leach, M. (1994) Contested forests: Modern conservation and historical land use in Guinea's Ziama Reserve. African Affairs 93, 481–512

Fairhead, J. and Leach, M. (1996) Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest Savannah Mosaic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Fairservis, W. Jr. (1975) The Roots of Ancient India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Fernandes, A. (1987) NGOs in South Asia: People's participation and partnership. World Development 15 (Supplement) 39–49

Foucault, M. (1983) The subject and power. In Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, ed. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, pp. 208–226. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Fox, R. (1969) “Professional primitives”: Hunters and gatherers of nuclear South Asia. Man in India 49, 139–160

Geertz, C. ed. (1963) Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa. The Free Press of Glencoe, New York

Ghai, D. (1993) Conservation, livelihood and democracy: Social dynamics of environmental change in Africa. Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Soziologie 18, 56–75

Gibson, C. (1999) Politicians and Poachers: The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Gibson, C. and Marks, S. (1995) Transforming rural hunters into conservationists: An assessment of community-based wildlife management programs in Africa. World Development 23, 941–957

Gurung, B. (1992) Towards sustainable development: A case in the Eastern Himalayas. Futures 24, 907–916

Gusfield, J. R. (1978) Community: A Critical Response. Harper and Row, New York

Hames, R. (1991) Wildlife conservation in tribal societies. In Biodiversity: Culture, Conservation and Ecodevelopment, ed. Margery L. Oldfield and Janis B. Alcorn, pp. 172–99. Westview, Boulder, CO

Hart, T. and Hart, J. (1986) The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: The mbuti of eastern Zaire. Human Ecology 14 (1), 29–56

Hayek, F. (1937) Economics and knowledge. Economica, February, 33–54

Hill, M. A. and Press, A. J. (1994) Kakadu National Park: An Australian experience in comanagement. In Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation, ed. David Western and R. Michael Wright, pp. 135–160. Island Press, Washington, DC

Hoban, T. J. and Cook, M. G. (1988) Challenge of conservation. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy 3, 100–102

Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T. (1983) The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Huntsinger, L. and McCaffrey, A. (1995) A forest for the trees: Forest management and the Yurok environment. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 19, 155–192

Ilahaine, H. (1995) Common property, ethnicity, and social exploitation in the Ziz villey, southeast Morocco. Paper presented at the IASCP conference

Ives, J. D. and Messerli, B. (1989) The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation. Routledge, London

Jagannathan, N. V. (1987) Informal Markets in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Kiss, A. ed. (1990) Living with Wildlife: Wildlife Resource Management with Local Participation in Africa. The World Bank, Washington, DC

Kothari, R. (1984) Environment and alternative development. Alternatives 5, 427–475

Lappé, F. M. and Shurman, R. (1989) Taking Population Seriously. Earthscan, London

Lerner, D. (1962) The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. The Free Press, Glencoe

Li, T. M. (1996) Images of community: Discourse and Strategy in Property Relations. Development and Change 27 (3), 501–28

Lowry, A. and Donahue, T. P. (1994) Parks, politics, and pluralism: The demise of national parks in Togo. Society and Natural Resources 7, 321–329

Lynch, O. J. and Talbott, K. (1995) Balancing Acts: Community-Based Forest Management and National Law in Asia and the Pacific. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC

Madzudzo, E. and Dzingirai, Y. (1995) A comparative study of the implications of ethnicity on CAMPFIRE in Bulilimamangwe and Binga. Centre for Applied Social Sciences Working Paper, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

Maine, H. (1871) Village Communities in the East and the West

Maine, H. (1905) Ancient Law. Murray, London

Marks, S. (1984) The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Westview Press, Boulder, CO

Matowanyika, J. Z. Z. (1989) Cast out of Eden: Peasants vs wildlife policy in savanna Africa. Alternatives 16 (1), 30–35

Matzke, G. E. and Nabane, N. (1996) Outcomes of a community controlled wildlife program in a Zambezi valley community. Human Ecology 24 (1), 65–85

McCay, B. J. and Acheson, J. eds. (1989) The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology of Communal Resources. University of Arizona Press, Tucson

McDade, L. ed. (1993) La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rainforest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

McKean, M. (1992) Success on the commons: A comparative examination of institutions for common property resource management. Journal of Theoretical Politics 4 (3), 247–282

McNeely, J. A. (1996) Foreword. In Tropical Deforestation: The Human Dimension, ed. Leslie Sponsel, Thomas N. Headland, and Robert C. Bailey, pp. xix–xxi. Columbia University Press, New York

Meffe, G., Ehrlich, A. and Ehrenfeld, D. (1993) Human population control: The missing agenda. Conservation Biology 7 (1), 1–3

Meilleur, B. A. (1996) Forests and Polynesian adaptations. In Tropical Deforestation: The Human Dimension, ed. Leslie E. Sponsel, Thomas N. Headland, and Robert C. Bailey, pp. 76–94. Columbia University Press, New York

Meyer, W. B. and Turner II, B. L. eds. (1994) Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Moore, D. (1996a) A river runs through it: Environmental history and the politics of community in Zimbabwe's eastern highlands. Working paper series, Center for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, and Program for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of Western Cape, South Africa.

Moore, D. (1996b) Marxism, culture, and political ecology: Environmental struggles in Zimbabwe's Eastern Highlands. In Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements ed. Richard Peet and Michael Watts, Routledge, New York

Morris, B. (1977) Tappers, trappers and the hill Pandaram (South India). Anthropos 72, 225–241

Murphree, M. W. (1993) Communities as Resource Management Institutions. International Institute for Environment and Development, London

Myers, N. (1991) The world's forests and human populations: The environmental interconnections. In Resources, Environment, and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options, ed. K. Davis and M. Bernstam, pp. 237–251. Oxford University Press, New York

Naughton-Treves, L. (1997) Wildlife versus farmers: Vulnerable places and people around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Geographical Review 87 (1), 462–488

Naughton-Treves, L. and Sanderson S. (1995) Property, politics and wildlife conservation. World Development 23 (8), 1265–1275

Newmark, W.D. (1995) Extinction of mammal population in Western North American national parks. Conservation Biology 9 (3), 512–526

Newmark, W.D. (1996) Insularization of Tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conservation Biology 10 (6), 1549–1556

Nikijuluw, V. (1994) Indigenous fisheries resource management in the Maluku Islands. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor 2 (2)

North, D. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Ostrom, E. (1992) Crafting Institutions for Self-Governing Irrigation Systems. Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, San Francisco

Ostrom, E. and Schlager, E. (1995) The formation of property rights. In Rights to Nature, ed. Susan Hanna, Carl Folke, and Karl Maler. Island Press, Washington, DC

Ostrom, E. E., Schroeder, L. and Wynne, S. (1993) Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure Policies in Perspective. Westview Press, Boulder, CO

Park, C. (1992) Tropical Rainforests, Routledge New York

Parker, E. (1993) Fact and fiction in Amazonia: The case of the Apete. American Anthropologist 95, 715–723

Parker, H. (1909) Ancient Ceylon: An Account of the Aborigines and a Part of the Early Civilization. Luzac, London

Parsons, T. (1951) The Social System. The Free Press, New York

Parsons, T. (1960) Pattern variables revisited: A response to Robert Dubin. American Sociological Review 25, 467–483

Parsons, T. (1966) Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

Parsons, T. and Shils, E. (1962) Toward a General Theory of Action. Harper, New York

Peluso, N. (1996) Fruit trees and family trees in an anthropogenic forest: Ethics of access, property zones and environmental change in Indonesia. Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, 510–548

Perry, J. A. and Dixon, R. K. (1986) An interdisciplinary approach to community resource management: Preliminary field test in Thailand. Journal of Developing Areas 21 (1), 31–47

Peters, P. (1994) Dividing the Commons: Politics, Policy and Culture in Botswana. University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville

Phillipson, D. (1985) African Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Poffenberger, M. ed. (1990) Keepers of the Forest: Land Management Alternatives in Southeast Asia. Kumarian, West Hartford, CT

Poffenberger, M. (1994) The resurgence of community forest management in Eastern India. In Natural Connections. Perspectives in Community-based Conservation, ed. David Western and R. Michael Wright, pp. 53–79. Island Press, Washington, DC

Posey, D. and Balee, W. eds. (1989) Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY

Rae, D. (1981) Equalities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Rajasekaran, B., and Warren, D. M. (1994) Socioeconomic development and biodiversity conservation: The Kolli hills. Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor 2 (2)

Raju, G., Vaghela, R. and Raju, M. S. (1993) Development of People's Institutions for Management of Forests. Ahmedabad, India: Viksat, Nehru Foundation for Development.

Rambo, T. (1985) Primitive Polluters: Semang Impact on the Malaysian Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology Ann Arbor

Redford, K. (1990) The ecologically noble savage. Cultural Survival Quarterly 15 (1), 46–48

Redford, K. and Stearman, A. (1993) On common ground: Response to Alcorn. Conservation Biology 7 (2), 427–428

Redford, K. and Mansour, J. eds. (1996) Traditional Peoples and Biodiversity Conservation in Large Tropical Landscapes. The Nature Conservancy, Latin America and Caribbean Division, Arlington VA

Repetto, R. and Gillis, M. (1988) Public Policies and the Misuse of Forest Resources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Ribot, J. (1996) Participation without representation: Chiefs, councils, and forestry law in the West African Sahel. Cultural Survival Quarterly 20 (3), 40–44

Richards, P. (1985) Indigenous Agricultural Revolution: Ecology and Food Production in West Africa. Westview Press, Boulder, CO

Riker, W. (1980) Implications for the disequilibrium of majority rule for the study of institutions. American Political Science Review 74, 432–447

Robbins, P. (1996) Nomadization in western Rajasthan: An institutional and economic perspective. Mimeo

Robinson, J. G. and Redford, K. eds. (1991) Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Robinson, M. (1995) Towards a new paradigm of community development. Community Development Journal 30 (1), 21–30

Roosevelt, A. (1989) Resource management in Amazonia before the conquest: Beyond ethnographic projection. Advances in Economic Botany 7, 30–62

Saberwal, V. (1996) You can't grow timber and goats in the same patch of forest: Grazing policy formulation in Himachal Pradesh, India, 1865-1960. Prepared for presentation at the workshop on Agrarian Environments: Resources, Representations and Rule in India, Program in Agrarian Studies, New Haven Yale University, May 2–4, 1997

Sanderson, S. (1994) Political-economic institutions. In Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective, ed. William B. Meyer, and B. L. Turner II, pp. 329–356. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Schlager, E. and Ostrom, E. (1992) Property rights regimes and natural resources: A conceptual analysis. Land Economics 68 (3), 249–262

Sen, A. (1992) Inequality Reexamined. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Shepsle, K. (1989) Studying institutions: Some lessons from the rational choice approach. Journal of Theoretical Politics 1, 131–149

Shils, E. (1962) Political Development in the New States. Mouton, The Hague

Simon, J. (1990) Population Matters: People, Resources, Environment and Integration. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick

Singleton, S. and Taylor, M. (1992) Common property, collective action and community. Journal of Theoretical Politics 4 (3), 309–324

Sivaramakrishnan, K. (1995) Colonialism and forestry in India: Imagining the past in present. Comparative Studies in Society and History 37 (1), 3–40

Sivaramakrishnan, K. (1996) Forests, politics and governance in Bengal, 1794–1994, Vols. 1 & 2. PhD dissertation Yale University, New Haven, CT

Sponsel, L. (1992) The environmental history of Amazonia: Natural and human disturbances and the ecological transition. In Changing Tropical Forests, ed. Harold Steen and Richard Tucker, pp. 233–251. Forest History Society, Durham, NC

Sponsel, L. E., Headland, T. N. and Bailey R. C. eds. (1996) Tropical Deforestation: The Human Dimension. Columbia University Press, New York

Steadman, D. (1989) Extinction of birds in Eastern Polynesia: A review of the record, and comparison with other island groups. Journal of Archaeological Science 16, 175–205

Taylor, M. (1982) Community, Anarchy and Liberty. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Tendler, J. (1975) Inside Foreign Aid. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

Tully, J. (1994) Aboriginal property and western theory: Recovering middle ground. Social Philosophy and Policy 11 (2), 153–80

Wade, R. (1987) Village Republics: Economic Conditions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Warren, M. (1992) Democratic theory and self-transformation. American Political Science Review 86 (1), 8–23

Watts, M. (1995) `A new deal in emotions': Theory and practice and the crisis of development. In Power of Development, ed. Jonathan Crush, pp. 44–62. Routledge, London

Wells, M. and Brandon, K. (1992) People and Parks: Linking Protected Area Management with Local Communities. The World Bank, WWF, and USAID. Washington, DC

Western, D. (1994) Ecosystem conservation and rural development. In Natural Connections. Perspectives in Community-based Conservation, ed. David Western and R. Michael Wright, pp. 15–52. Island Press, Washington, DC

Western, D. and Wright, Michael R, eds. (1994) Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation. Island Press, Washington, DC

Wilmsen, E. (1989) Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Wisner, B. (1990) Harvest of sustainability: Recent books on environmental management. Journal of Development Studies 26, 335–341

Wolf, E. (1982) Europe and the People Without History. University of California Press, Berkeley

Yoon, C. (1993) Rain forests seen as shaped by human hand. The New York Times, July 27, pp. C1, C10

Zerner, C. (1994) Through a green lens: The construction of customary environmental law and community in Indonesia's Maluku Islands. Law and Society Review 28 (5), 1079–122