Empirical approaches to quantifying effort, fatigue and concentration in the conceptual design process

Alexiou K, Zamenopoulos T, Johnson J, Gilbert S (2009) Exploring the neurological basis of design cognition using brain imaging: some preliminary results. Des Stud 30(6):623–647 Arai T (1912) Mental fatigue. Teachers College, Columbia University, New York Baumeister J, Barthel T, Geiss KR, Weiss M (2008) Influence of phosphatidylserine on cognitive performance and cortical activity after induced stress. Nutr Neurosci 11(3):103–110 Berger H (1937) Über das elektrenkephalogramm des menschen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 106(1):577–584 Berka C, Levendowski DJ, Cvetinovic MM, Petrovic MM, Davis G, Lumicao MN, Zivkovic VT, Popovic MV, Olmstead R (2004) Real-time analysis of eeg indexes of alertness, cognition, and memory acquired with a wireless eeg headset. Int J Hum Comput Interact 17(2):151–170 Blankertz B, Tangermann M, Vidaurre C, Dickhaus T, Sannelli C, Popescu F, Fazli S, Danczy M, Curio G, Müller K (2010) Detecting mental states by machine learning techniques: the Berlin brain–computer interface. In: Graimann B, Allison BZ, Pfurtscheller G (eds) Brain–computer interfaces: revolutionizing human-computer interaction. Springer, Berlin, pp 113–136 Bratzke D, Rolke B, Steinborn MB, Ulrich R (2009) The effect of 40 h constant wakefulness on task-switching efficiency. J Sleep Res 18(2):167–172 Brunet D, Murray M, Michel C (2011) Spatiotemporal analysis of multichannel EEG: CARTOOL. Comput Intell Neurosci 2011:813870. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/813870 Carneiro D, Novais P (2014) Conflict resolution and its context: from the analysis of behavioural patterns to efficient decision-making. Springer, Berlin Charney E (2013) Can tasks be inherently boring? Behav Brain Sci 36(6):684 Chiu I, Shu LH (2010) Potential limitations of verbal protocols in design experiments. In: Proceedings of ASME international design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference (DTM), 22nd international conference on design theory and methodology, Special conference on mechanical vibration and noise, vol 5. Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 15–18 Chomsky N (1959) Verbal behavior by B.F. Skinner. Language 35:26–58 Cross N (2001) Design cognition: results from protocol and other empirical studies of design activity. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 79–103 Cross N, Christiaans H, Dorst K (1994) Design expertise amongst student designers. J Art Des Educ 13(1):39–56 De Luca J (2005) Fatigue as a window to the brain. The MIT Press, Cambridge Desmond PA (2012) Handbook of operator fatigue. CRC Press, Boca Raton Fairclough SH (2001) Mental effort regulation and the functional impairment of the driver. Erlbaum, Mahwah Freudiger J (2003) Brain states analysis for direct brain–computer communication. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne Gevins AS, Zeitlin GM, Doyle JC, Schaffer RE, Callaway E (1979) EEG patterns during cognitive tasks. II. Analysis of controlled task. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophys 47(6):704–710 Goel V (2010) Neural basis of thinking: lab problems vs. real-world problems. Cogn Sci 1(4):613–621 Goel V (2014) Creative brains: designing in the real world. Front Hum Neurosci 8:241 Goel V, Eimontaite I, Goel A, Schindler I (2015) Differential modulation of performance in insight and divergent thinking tasks with tDCS. J Probl Solving 8(1):23–35. doi:10.7771/1932-6246.1172 Goöker M (1997) The effects of experience during design problem solving. Des Stud 18(4):405–426 Goucher-Lambert K, Moss J, Cagan J (2016) Using neuroimaging to understand moral product preference judgments involving sustainability. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2016 international design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference, 28th international conference on design theory and methodology, vol 7. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, August 21–24 Graimann B, Allison B, Pfurtscheller G (eds) (2010) Brain–computer interfaces: revolutionizing human–computer interaction. Springer, Berlin Hacker P (2003) Philosophical foundations of neuroscience. Blackwell, Malden Haji FA, Rojas D, Childs R, de Ribaupierre S, Dubrowski A (2015) Measuring cognitive load: performance, mental effort and simulation task complexity. Med Educ 49(8):815–827 Heemstra ML (1986) An efficiency model of information processing. In: Hockey GRJ, Gaillard AWK, Coles MGH (eds) Energetics and human information processing. NATO ASI Series. Series D: behavioural and social sciences, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht Hockey R (2013) The psychology of fatigue: work, effort and control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Irmscher W (1987) Finding a comfortable identity. Coll Compos Commun 38(1):81–87 Jaarsveld S, Fink A, Rinner M, Schwab D, Benedek M, Lachmann T (2015) Intelligence in creative processes: an EEG study. Intelligence 49:171–178 Jap BT, Lal S, Fischer P, Bekiaris E (2009) Using EEG spectral components to assess algorithms for detecting fatigue. Expert Syst Appl 36(2):2352–2359 Kahneman D (1973) Attention and effort. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs Kahneman D, Beatty J (2004) Pupil diameter and load on memory. Science 154(3756):1583–1585 Koenig T, Lehmann D, Merlo M, Kochi K, Hell D, Koukkou M (1999) A deviant EEG brain microstate in acute neuroleptic-naive schizophrenics at rest. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249:205–211 Koenig T, Prischep L, Lehmann D, Sosa P, Braeker E, Kleinlogel H, Isenhart R, John E (2002) Millisecond by millisecond, year by year: normative EEG microstates and developmental stages. NeuroImage 16(1):41–48 Kurzban R, Duckworth A, Kable JW, Myers J (2012) An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance. Behav Brain Sci 36:661–726. doi:10.1017/S0140525X12003196 Kuusela H, Paul P (2000) A comparison of concurrent and retrospective verbal protocol analysis. Am J Psychol 113(3):387–404 Lehmann D (1971) Multichannel topography of human alpha EEG fields. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 31(5):439–449 Lehmann D (1990) Brain electric microstates and cognition: the atoms of thought. In: John ER, Harmony T, Prichep LS, Valdés-Sosa PA (eds) Machinery of the mind. Birkhaüser, Boston, MA, pp 209–224 Lehmann D, Ozaki H, Pal I (1987) EEG alpha map series: brain micro-states by space-oriented adaptive segmentation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 67(3):271–288 Liapis C, Chatterjee S (2011) On a NeuroIS Design Science model. In: Service-oriented perspectives in design science research: 6th international conference, DESRIST 2011, Milwaukee, WI, USA, May 5–6, 2011. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, pp 440–451 Michel C, Koenig T, Brandeis D, Gianotti L, Wackermann J (2009) Electrical neuroimaging. Medecine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Moran A (2012) Attention theory. Oxford University Press, New York Nagel T (1974) What is it like to be a bat? Philos Rev 83(4):435–450 Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2010) Analysis of design activities using EEG signals. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2010 international design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference, Montreal, August 15–18, 2010 Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2012a) Clustering designers mental activities based on EEG power. In: Proceedings of tools and methods of competitive engineering (TMCE) 2012, May 7–11, 2012, Karlsruhe, Germany Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2012b) A theoretical model of design creativity: nonlinear design dynamics and mental stress-creativity relation. J Integr Des Process Sci 16(3):37–60 Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2014) A physiological study of the relationship between designer’s mental effort and mental stress during conceptual design. Comput Aided Des 54:3–18 Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2016a) Effects of stress and effort on self-rated reports in experimental study of design activities. J Intell Manuf 28(7):1609–1622 Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2016b) A theory of design fixation. Int J Des Creativity Innov 5(3–4):185–204 Nguyen P, Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2015a) Measuring the evoked hardness of design problems using transient microstates. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2015 international design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference, 27th international conference on design theory and methodology, vol 7. Boston, Massachusetts, USA, August 2–5 Nguyen P, Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2015b) Physiologically based segmentation of design protocol. In: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on engineering design (ICED 15), Human Behaviour in Design, Design Education, vol 11. Milan, Italy, 27–30 July Nguyen P, Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2016) Quantitative analysis of the effort-fatigue tradeoff in the conceptual design process: a multistate EEG approach. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2016 international design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference, 28th international conference on design theory and methodology. vol 7. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, August 21–24 Otto T, Zijlstra FRH, Goebel R (1993) Efficiency in work behavior: a design approach for modern tools. Delft University Press, Delft Pascual-Marqui R, Michel CM, Lehmann D (1995) Segmentation of brain electrical activity into microstates: model estimation and validation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 42(7):658–665 Penny WD, Roberts SJ, Curran EA, Stokes MJ (2000) EEG-based communication: a pattern recognition approach. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 8(2):214–215 Petkar H, Dande S, Yadav R, Nguyen TA, Zeng Y (2009) A pilot study to quantify designers mental stress from eye activity and EEG during stroop test. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2009 international design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference Riedl JVBB, Léger P (2011) Neuroscience in design-oriented research: exploring new potentials. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on design science research in information systems and technology, pp 427–439 Riedl JVBB, Léger P (2013) Application strategies for neuroscience in information systems design science research. J Comput Inf Syst 53(3):1–13 Riedl R, Léger P (eds) (2016) Fundamentals of NeuroIS: information systems and the brain. Springer, Berlin Schooler JW, Ohlsson S, Brooks K (1993) Thoughts beyond words: when language overshadows insight. J Exp Psychol Gen 122:166–183 Searle JR (1992) The rediscovery of the mind. The MIT Press, Cambridge Seitamaa-Hakkarainen P, Huotilainen M, Mkela M, Groth C, Hakkarainen K (2014) The promise of cognitive neuroscience in design studies. In: Design research society of conference DRS 2014. Umeå, Sweden Shankar SS, Rai R (2014) Human factors study on the usage of BCI headset for 3D CAD modeling. Comput Aided Des 54:51–55 Sharma MK, Bundele MM (2015) Design & analysis of k-means algorithm for cognitive fatigue detection in vehicular driver using respiration signal. In: IEEE international conference on electrical, computer and communication technologies (ICECCT), pp 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICECCT.2015.7226057 Shimoda H, Oishi K, Miyagi K, Uchiyama K, Ishii H, Obayashi F, Iwakawa M (2013) An intellectual productivity evaluation tool based on work concentration. Springer, Berlin, pp 364–372 Staal MA (2004) Stress, cognition, and human performance: a literature review and conceptual framework. NASA/TM, 212824 Steinert M, Jablokow K (2013) Triangulating front end engineering design activities with physiology data and psychological preferences. In: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on engineering design (ICED13), Design for harmonies, Human behaviour in design, vol 7. Seoul, Korea, 19–22 August Sylcott B, Cagan J, Tabibnia G (2013) Understanding consumer tradeoffs between form and function through meta-conjoint and cognitive neuroscience analyses. ASME J Mech Des 135(10):101002. doi:10.1115/1.4024975 Tang Y and Zeng Y (2009), Quantifying designer’s mental stress in the conceptual design process using Kinesics study. In: Proceedings of the 17th international conference on engineering design, Stanford University, August 24–27 Van Dongen HPA, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF (1973) Quantification of sleepiness: a new approach. Psychophysiology 10(4):431–436 Wilson TD (1984) The proper protocol: validity and completeness of verbal reports. Psychol Sci 5:249–252 Wittgenstein L (1954) Philosophical investigations. Macmillan, Oxford Worinkeng E, Summers JD, Joshi S (2013) Can a pre-sketching activity improve idea generation?. Springer, Berlin, pp 583–592 Zugal S, Pinggera J, Reijers H, Reichert M, Weber B (2012) Making the case for measuring mental effort. In: EESSMod ’12 proceedings of the 2nd edition of the international workshop on experiences and empirical studies in software modelling. Innsbruck, Austria, October 1–5