Empathy as the Opposite of Egocentrism: Why the Simulation Theory and the Direct Perception Theory of Empathy Fail

Baron-Cohen S (1995) Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. MIT Press, Cambridge Blanchet R, Vaage MB (2012) Don, Peggy, and other fictional friends? engaging with characters in television series. Projections 6(2):18–41 Carroll N (2011) On some affective relations between audiences and characters in popular fictions. In: Coplan A, Goldie P (eds) Empathy: philosophical and psychological perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford Coplan A (2004) Empathic engagement with narrative fictions. J Aesthet Art Critic 62(2):141–152 Crisp R (2017) Well-being. In: Zalta EN (ed) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/well-being/ D’Aloia A (2012) Cinematic empathy: spectator involvement in the film experience. In: Reynolds D, Reason M (eds) Kinesthetic empathy in creative and cultural practices. Intelect, Bristol De Vignemont F, Jacob P (2012) What is it like to feel another’s pain? Philos Sci 79(2):295–316 De Vignemont F, Jacob P (2016) Beyond empathy for pain. Philos Sci 83(3):434–445 Eder J (2008) Die Figur im Film: Grundlagen der Figurenanalyse. Schüren, Marburg Fodor JA (1987) Psychosemantics. MIT Press, Cambridge Frijda NH (1986) The emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Gallagher S (2001) The practice of mind: theory, simulation, or interaction? J Conscious Stud 8(5–7):83–107 Gallagher S (2007) Simulation trouble. Soc neurosci-uk 2(3–4):353–365 Gallagher S (2012a) Empathy, simulation, and narrative. Sci Context 25(3):355–381 Gallagher S (2012b) In defense of phenomenological approaches to social cognition: interacting with the critics. Rev Philos Psychol 3:187–212 Gallagher S (2015) The new hybrids: continuing debates on social perception. Conscious Cogn 36:452–465 Gallagher S (2017) Empathy and theories of direct perception. In: Maibom H (ed) The Routledge handbook of philosophy of empathy. Routledge, London Gallagher S, Gallagher J (2019) Acting oneself as another: an actor’s empathy for her character. Topoi 36:452–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-018-9624-7 Gallagher S, Hutto D (2008) Understanding others through primary interaction and narrative practice. In: Zlatev J, Racine TP, Sinha C, Itkonen E (eds) The shared mind: perspectives on intersubjectivity. John Benjamins, Amsterdam Gaut B (2010) Empathy and identification in cinema. Midwest Stud Philos 34(1):136–157 Giovannelli A (2008) In and out: the dynamics of imagination in the engagement with narratives. J Aesthet Art Critic 66(1):11–24 Giovannelli A (2009) In sympathy with narrative characters. J Aesthet Art Critic 67(1):83–95 Goldman AI (2006) Simulating minds: the philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of mindreading. Oxford University Press, Oxford Gopnik A, Meltzoff A (1997) Words, thoughts, and theories. MIT Press, Cambridge Griffin J (1986) Well-being: its meaning, measurement, and moral importance. Clarendon Press, Oxford Grodal T (1997) Moving pictures: a new theory of film genres, feelings, and cognition. Clarendon Press, Oxford Hoffman ML (2000) Empathy and moral development: implications for caring and justice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Hu L, Iannetti GD (2016) Painful issues in pain prediction. Trends Neurosci 39(4):212–220 Husserl E (2016) Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie. Zweites Buch: Phänomenologische Untersuchungen zur Konstitution und Wissenschaftstheorie. Fonfara D (Hrsg) Springer, Dordrecht Hutto D (2008) Folk-psychological narratives. MIT Press, Cambridge Iannetti GD, Salomons TV, Moayedi M, Mouraux A, Davis KD (2013) Beyond metaphor: contrasting mechanisms of social and physical pain. Trends Cogn Sn 17(8):371–378 Jacob P (2011) The direct perception model of empathy: a critique. Rev Philos Psychol 2:519–540 Jardine J, Szanto T (2017) Empathy in the phenomenological tradition. In: Maibom H (ed) The Routledge handbook of philosophy of empathy. Routledge, London Krishnan A, Woo CW, Chang LJ, Ruzic L, Gu X, López-Solà M, Jackson PL, Pujol J, Fan J, Wager TD (2016) Somatic and vicarious pain are represented by dissociable multivariate brain patterns. eLife 5:1–42 Lavelle JS (2012) Theory-theory and the direct perception of mental states. Rev Philos Psychol 3:213–230 Lazarus RS (1991) Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press, Oxford Newen A (2015) Understanding others: the person model theory. In: Metzinger M, Windt JM (eds) Open MIND, MIND Group, Frankfurt am Main Newen A, Welpinghus A, Juckel G (2015) Emotion recognition as pattern recognition: the relevance of perception. Mind Lang 30:187–208 Ortony A, Clore GL, Collins A (1988) The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Plantinga C (2009) Moving viewers: American film and the spectator’s experience. University of California Press, Berkeley Railton P (1986) Facts and values. Philos Topics 14(2):5–31 Scheler M (2008) Wesen und Formen der Sympathie. In: Frings M (Hrsg) Gesammelte Werke, Band 7. Bouvier, Bonn Schmetkamp S (2017a) Perspektive und empathische Resonanz: Vergegenwärtigung anderer Sichtweisen. In: Hagener M, Vendrell Ferran I (Hrsg) Empathie im Film: Perspektiven der Ästhetischen Theorie, Phänomenologie und Analytischen Philosophie. Transkript, Bielefeld Schmetkamp S (2017b) Gaining perspectives on our lives: moods and aesthetic experience. Philosophia 45(4):1681–1695 Smith M (1995) Engaging characters: fiction, emotion, and the cinema. Clarendon Press, Oxford Spaulding S (2010) Embodied cognition and mindreading. Mind Lang 25(1):119–140 Spaulding S (2015) On direct social perception. Conscious Cogn 36:472–482 Spaulding S (2017) On whether we can see intentions. Pac Philos Quart 98(2):150–170 Spaulding S (2018) How we understand others: philosophy and social cognition. Routledge, New York Stein E (2008) Zum Problem der Einfühlung. In: Edith Stein Gesamtausgabe, Band 5. Herder, Freiburg Stueber KR (2006) Rediscovering empathy: agency, folk psychology, and the human sciences. The MIT Press, Cambridge Sumner LW (1996) Welfare, happiness, and ethics. Clarendon Press, Oxford Tan ES (1996) Emotion and the structure of narrative film: film as emotion machine. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah (New Jersey) Vaage MB (2006) The empathetic film spectator in analytic philosophy and naturalized phenomenology. Film Philosophy 10:21–39 Vaage MB (2010) Fiction film and the varieties of empathic engagement. Midwest Stud Philos 34(1):158–179 Wollheim R (1999) The thread of life. Yale University Press, New Haven Zahavi D (2014) Self and other: exploring subjectivity, empathy, and shame. Oxford University Press, Oxford Zahavi D (2017) Phenomenology, empathy, and mindreading. In: Maibom H (ed) The Routledge handbook of philosophy of empathy. Routledge, London Zahavi D, Overgaard S (2011) Empathy without isomorphism: a phenomenological account. In: Decety J (ed) Empathy: from bench to bedside. The MIT Press, Cambridge Zaki J, Wager TD, Singer T, Keysers C, Gazzola V (2016) The anatomy of suffering: understanding the relationship between nociceptive and empathic pain. Trends Cogn Sn 20(4):249–259