Emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: Lessons from Southeast Asia and Oceania

Allworth A, Murray K, Morgan J (1996). A case of encephalitis due to a lyssavirus recently identified in fruit bats. Commun Dis Intell 20: 504. Arguin PM, Murray-Lillibridge K, Miranda MEG, Smith JS, Calaor AB, Rupprecht CE (2002). Serologic evidence of Lyssavirus infections among bats, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 258–262. Burke DS, Leake CJ (1988). Japanese encephalitis. In: The Arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, Volume III. Monath TP (ed). Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp 63–92. Chant K, Chan R, Smith M, Dwyer DE, Kirkland P (1998). Probable human infection with a newly described virus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 273–275. Charrel RN, Zaki AM, Attoui H, Fakeeh M, Billoir F, Yousef AI, de Chesse R, De Micco P, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X (2001). Complete coding sequence of the Alkhurma virus, a tick-borne flavivirus causing severe hemorrhagic fever in humans in Saudi Arabia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 287: 455–461. Chen W-R, Rico-Hesse R, Tesh RB (1992). A new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus from Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47: 61–69. Chen W-R, Tesh RB, Rico-Hesse R (1990). Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in nature. J Gen Virol 71: 2915–2922. Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt BH, Tamin A, Lam SK, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, Goldsmith CS, Gubler DJ, Roehrig JT, Eaton B, Gould AR, Olson J, Field H, Daniels P, Ling AE, Peters CJ, Anderson LJ, Mahy BWJ (2000a). Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science 288: 1432–1435. Chua KB, Goh KJ, Wong KT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan PS, Ksiazek TG, Zaki SR, Paul G, Lam SK, Tan CT (1999). Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia. Lancet 354: 1256–1259. Chua KB, Koh CK, Hooi PS, Wee KF, Khong JH, Chua BH, Chan YP, Lim ME, Lam SK (2002). Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes. Microb Infect 4: 145–151. Chua KB, Lam SK, Tan CT, Hooi PS, Goh KJ, Chew NK, Tan KS, Kamarulzaman A, Wong KT (2000b). High mortality in Nipah encephalitis is associated with presence of virus in cerebrospinal fluid. Ann Neurol 48: 802–805. Chua KB, Wang LF, Lam SK, Crameri G, Yu M, Wise T, Boyle D, Hyatt AD, Eaton BT (2001). Tioman virus, a novel paramyxovirus isolated from fruit bats in Malaysia. Virology 283: 215–229. Dhanda V, Thenmozhi V, Hiriyan J, Arunachalam N, Batasubramanian A, Ilango A, Gajanana A (1997). Virus isolation from wild-caught mosquitoes during a Japanese encephalitis outbreak in Kerala in 1996. Indian J Med Res 106: 4–6. Eaton BT, Wright PJ, Wang LF, Sergeyev O, Michalski WP, Bossart KN, Bruder CC (2004). Arch Virol Suppl 18: 123–131. Endy TP, Nisalak A (2002). Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267: 11–48. Field H, Mackenzie J, Daszak P (2004). Novel viral encephalitides associated with bats (Chiroptera)—host management strategies. Arch Virol Suppl 18: 113–121. Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J (2001). The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microb Infect 3: 307–314. Goh KJ, Tan TC, Chew NK, Tan PS, Kamarulzaman A, Sarji SA, Wong KT, Abdullah BJJ, Chua KB, Lam SK (2000). Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N Engl J Med 342: 1229–1235. Gould AR, Hyatt AD, Lunt R, Kattenbelt A, Hengstberger S, Blacksell SD (1998). Characterisation of a novel lyssavirus isolated from pteropid bats in Australia. Virus Res 54: 165–187. Gould AR Kattenbelt JA, Gumley SG, Lunt RA (2002). Characterisation of an Australian bat lyssavirus variant isolated from an insectivorous bat. Virus Res 89: 1–28. Guyatt KJ, Twin J, Davis P, Holmes EC, Smith GA, Smith IL, Mackenzie JS, Young PL (2003). A molecular epidemiological study of Australian bat lyssavirus. J Gen Virol 84: 485–496. Ha DQ, Calisher CH, Tien PH, Karabatsos N, Gubler DJ (1995). Isolation of a newly recognised alphavirus from mosquitoes in Vietnam and evidence for human infection and disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53: 100–104. Halpin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS (2000). Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol 81: 1927–1932. Hanna JN, Carney IK, Smith GA, Tannenberg EG, Deverill JE, Botha JA, Serafin IL, Harrower BJ, Fitzpatrick PF, Searle JW (2000). Australian bat lyssavirus infection: a second human case, with a long incubation period. Med J Aust 172: 597–599. Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, Lee JM, Hills SL, Van Den Hurk AF, Pyke AT, Johansen CA, Mackenzie JS (1999). Japanese encephalitis in North Queensland, 1998. Med J Aust 170: 533–536. Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, Shield J, Bailey MC, Mackenzie JS, Poidinger M, McCall BJ, Mills PA (1996). An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. Med J Aust 165: 256–260. Hayasaka D, Suzuki Y, Kariwa H, Ivanov L, Volkov V, Demenev V, Mizutani T, Gojobori T, Takashima I (1999). Phylogenetic and virulence analysis of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from Japan and far-Eastern Russia. J Gen Virol 80: 3127–3135. Heinz FX, Collett MS, Purcell RH, Gould EA, Howard CR, Houghton M, Moormann RJM, Rice CM, Thiel HJ (2000) Flaviviridae. In: Viral taxonomy. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. 7th Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses. van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB (eds). San Diego: Academic Press, pp 859–878. Hooper P, Lunt R, Gould A, Samaratunga H, Hyatt AD, Gleeson LF, Rodwell BJ, Rupprecht CE, Smith JS, Murray PK (1997). A new lyssavirus—the first endemic rabies-related virus recognized in Australia. Bull Inst Pasteur 95: 209–218. Hooper P, Zaki S, Daniels P, Middleton D (2001). Comparative pathology of the diseases caused by Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect 3: 315–322. Hooper PT, Gould AR, Russell GM, Kattenbelt JA, Mitchell G (1996). The retrospective diagnosis of a second outbreak of equine morbillivirus infection. Aust Vet J 74: 244–245. ICDDR (2003). The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Health and Science Bulletin (English) 1: 1–6. Igarashi A, Tanaka M, Morita A, Takasu T, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Akram DS, Waqar MA (1994). Detection of West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viral genome sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from acute encephalitis cases in Karachi, Pakistan. Microbiol Immunol 38: 827–830. Johansen C, Ritchie S, van den Hurk A, Bockarie M, Hanna J, Phillips D, Melrose W, Poidinger M, Scherret J, Hall R, Mackenzie J (1997). The search for Japanese encephalitis virus in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Arbovirus Res Aust 7: 131–136. Johansen CA, van den Hurk AF, Ritchie SA, Zborowski P, Paru R, Bockarie MJ, Drew AC, Khromykh TI, Mackenzie JS (2000). Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, 1997–1998. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 631–638. Johara MY, Field H, Rashdi AM, Morrissy C, van der Heide B, Rota P, bin Adzhar A, White J, Daniels P, Jamaluddin A, Ksiazek T (2001). Nipah virus infection in bats (Order Chiroptera) in Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 439–441. Karabatsos N (ed) (1985). International catalogue of Arboviruses including certain other viruses of vertebrates, 3rd edition. San Antonio, Tx: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Kumar S (2003). Inadequate research facilities fail to tackle mystery disease. BMJ 326: 12. Lee KE, Umapathi T, Tan CB, Tjia HT, Chua TS, Oh HM, Fock KM, Kurup A, Das A, Tan AK, Lee WL (1999). The neurological manifestations of Nipah virus encephalitis: a novel paramyxovirus. Ann Neurol 46: 428–432. Lyssavirus Expert Group (1996a). Prevention of human lyssavirus infection. Commun Dis Intell 20: 505–507. Lyssavirus Expert Group (1996b). Update on bat lyssavirus. Commun Dis Intell 20: 535. Mackenzie JS (2000). The family Flaviviridae: a brief overview of the family with particular reference to members of the Asian and Australasian regions. In: Classical swine fever and emerging viral diseases in South-East Asia. ACIAR Proceedings No. 94. Blacksell SD (ed). Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, pp 48–56. Mackenzie JS, Barrett ADT, Deubel V (2002a). The Japanese encephalitis serological group of Flaviviruses: a brief introduction to the group. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267: 1–10. Mackenzie JS, Chua KB, Daniels PW, Eaton BT, Field HE, Hall RA, Halpin K, Johansen CA, Kirkland PD, Lam SK, McMinn P, Nisbet DJ, Paru R, Pyke AT, Ritchie SA, Siba P, Smith DW, Smith GA, van den Hurk AF, Wang LF, Williams DT (2001). Emerging viral diseases of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific: a brief review. Emerg Infect Dis 7(Suppl 3): 497–504. Mackenzie JS, Field HE (2004). Emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugiverous bats. Arch Virol Suppl 18: 97–111. Mackenzie JS, Johansen CA, Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF, Hall RA (2002b). Japanese encephalitis as an emerging virus: the emergence and spread of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australasia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267: 49–73. Mackenzie JS, Lindsay MD, Coelen RJ, Broom AK, Hall RA, Smith DW (1994). Arboviruses causing human disease in the Australasian zoogeographic region. Arch Virol 136: 447–467. Mackenzie JS, Poidinger M, Phillips D, Johansen CA, Hall RA, Hanna J, Ritchie S, Shield J, Graham R (1997) Emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Australasian region. In: Factors in the emergence of arbovirus diseases. Saluzzo JF, Dodet B (eds). Paris: Elsevier, pp 191–201. McMinn PC (2002). An overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public health significance. FEMS Microbiol 26: 91–107. Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, Hyatt A, Gould A, Gleeson L, Westbury H, Hiley L, Selvey L, Rodwell B (1995). A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans. Science 268: 94–97. Olson JG, Ksiazek TG, Lee VH, Tan R, Shope RE (1985). Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from Anopheles anularis and Anopheles vagus in Lombok, Indonesia Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79: 845–847. Olson JG, Rupprecht C, Rollin P, An US, Niezgoda M, Clemins T, Watson J, Ksiazek T (2002). Antibodies to Nipah-like virus in bats (Pteropus lylei), Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 987–988. O’Sullivan JD, Allworth AM, Paterson DL, Snow TM, Boots R, Gleeson LJ, Gould AR, Hyatt AD, Bradfield J (1997). Fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses. Lancet 349: 93–95. Paton NI, Leo YS, Zaki SR, Auchus AP, Lee KE, Ling AE, Chew SK, Ang B, Rollin PE, Umapathi T, Sng I, Lee CC, Lim E, Ksiazek TG (1999). Outbreak of Nipah virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore. Lancet 354: 1253–1256. Philbey AW, Kirkland PD, Ross AD, Davis RJ, Gleeson AB, Love RJ, Daniels PW, Gould AR, Hyatt AD (1998). An apparently new virus (family Paramyxoviridae) infectious for pigs, humans and fruit bats. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 266–271. Prasad SR, Kumar V, Marwaha RK, Batra KL, Rath RK, Pal SR (1993). An epidemic of encephalitis in Haryana: serological evidence of Japanese encephalitis in a few patients. Indian J Pediatr 30: 905–910. ProMED (2001). Nipah-like virus—India (North Bengal): 2001. http://www.promedmail.org. Archive number 20030106.0050. Pyke AT, Williams DT, Nisbet DJ, van den Hurk AF, Taylor CT, Johansen CA, Macdonald J, Hall RA, Simmons RJ, Mason RJV, Lee JM, Ritchie SA, Smith GA, Mackenzie JS (2001). The appearance of a second genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Australasian region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 747–53. Ritchie SA, Phillips D, Broom A, Mackenzie J, Poidinger M, van den Hurk A (1997). Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from Culex annulirostris in Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56: 80–84. Rogers RJ, Douglas IC, Baldock FC, Glanville RJ, Seppanen KT, Gleeson LJ, Selleck PN, Dunn KJ (1996). Investigation of a second focus of equine morbillivirus infection in coastal Queensland. Aust Vet J 74: 243–244. Samaratunga H, Searle JW, Hudson N. (1998). Non-rabies lyssavirus human encephalitis from fruit bats. Australian bat lyssavirus (pteropid lyssavirus) infection. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 24: 331–335. Selvey L, Taylor R, Arklay A, Gerrard J (1996). Screening of bat carers for antibodies to equine morbillivirus. Commun Dis Intell 20: 477–478. Selvey LA, Wells RM, McCormack JG, Ansford AJ, Murray K, Rogers RJ, Lavercombe PS, Selleck P, Sheridan JW (1995). Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus. Med J Aust 162: 642–645. Solomon T (2003a). Exotic and emerging viral encephalitides. Curr Opin Neurol 16: 411–418. Solomon T (2003b). Recent advances in Japanese encephalitis. J Neurovirol 9: 274–283. Solomon T, Dung NM, Vaughn DW, Kneen R, Thao LT, Raengsakulrach B, Loan HT, Day NP, Farrar J, Myint KS, Warrell MJ, James WS, Nisalak A, White NJ (2000). Neurological manifestations of dengue infection. Lancet 25: 1053–1059. Solomon T, Vaughn DW (2002). Pathogenesis and clinical features of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267: 171–194. Spicer PE (1997). Japanese encephalitis in Western Irian Jaya. J Travel Med 4: 146–147. Takashima I, Morita K, Chiba M, Hayasaka D, Sato T, Takezawa C, Igarashi A, Kariwa H, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Hashimoto N (1997). A case of tick-borne encephalitis in Japan and isolation of the the virus. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1943–1947. Takeda T, Ito T, Chiba M, Takahashi K, Niioka T, Takashima I (1998). Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus from Ixodes ovatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Japan. J Med Entomol 35: 227–231. Takeda T, Ito T, Osada M, Takahashi K, Takashima I (1999). Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus from wild rodents and a seroepizootiologic survey in Hokkaido, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 287–291. Tan CT, Goh KJ, Wong KT, Sarji SA, Chua KB, Chew NK, Murugasu P, Loh YL, Chong HT, Tan KS, Thayaparan T, Kumar S, Jusoh MR. (2002). Relapsed and late-onset Nipah encephalitis. Ann Neurol 51: 703–708. Umenai T, Krzysko R, Bektimirov TA, Assaad FA (1985). Japanese encephalitis: current worldwide status. Bull World Health Org 63: 625–631. Vaughn DW, Hoke CH (1992). The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: prospects for prevention. Epidemiol Rev 14: 197–221. van den Hurk AF, Johansen CA, Zborowski P, Phillips DA, Pyke AT, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA (2001a). Flaviviruses isolated from mosquitoes collected during the first recorded outbreak of Japanese encephalitis virus on Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64: 125–130. van den Hurk AF, Nisbet DJ, Johansen CA, Foley PN, Ritchie SA, Mackenzie JS (2001b). Japanese encephalitis on Badu Island, Australia: the first isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from Culex gelidus in the Australasian region and the role of mosquito host-feeding patterns in virus transmission cycles. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95: 595–600. Warrilow D, Smith IL, Harrower B, Smith GA (2002). Sequence analysis of an isolate from a fatal human infection of Australian bat lyssavirus. Virology 297: 109–110. WHO (2004). Nipah virus outbreak(s) in Bangladesh, January–April 2004. WHO Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79: 168–171. Williams WR, Kaluza G, Boschek CB, Bauer H, Hager H, Schutz H-J, Feistner H (1979). Semliki Forest virus: cause of a fatal case of human encephalitis. Science 203: 1127–1129. Young PL, Halpin K, Selleck PW, Field H, Gravel JL, Kelly MA, Mackenzie JS (1996). Serologic evidence for the presence in pteropus bats of a paramyxovirus related to equine morbillivirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2: 239–240. Zaki AM (1997). Isolation of a flavivirus related to the tick-borne encephalitis complex from human cases in Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91: 179–181.