Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity

Biological Reviews - Tập 94 Số 3 - Trang 849-873 - 2019
Andrea J. Reid1, Andrew K. Carlson2, Irena F. Creed3, Erika J. Eliason4, Peter Gell5, Pieter T. J. Johnson6, Karen A. Kidd7, Tyson J. MacCormack8, Julian D. Olden9, S. J. Ormerod10, John P. Smol11, William W. Taylor2, Klement Tockner12, Jesse C. Vermaire13, David Dudgeon14, Steven J. Cooke1,13
1Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa K1S 5B6 Canada
2Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A.
3School of Environment and Sustainability University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon S7N 5C8 Canada
4Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara CA 93117 U.S.A.
5School of Life and Health Sciences University Drive, Federation University Australia Mount Helen 3350 Australia
6Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 U.S.A.
7Department of Biology and School of Geography and Earth Sciences McMaster University Hamilton L8S 4K1 Canada
8Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Mount Allison University Sackville E4L 1G8 Canada
9School of Aquatic and Fishery Science University of Washington Seattle WA 98195-5020 U.S.A.
10Water Research Institute & School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AX U.K.
11Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology Queen's University Kingston K7L 3N6 Canada
12Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) Berlin 12587 Germany
13Institute of Environmental Science Carleton University Ottawa K1S 5B6 Canada
14School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Tóm tắt

ABSTRACT

In the 12 years since Dudgeon et al. (2006) reviewed major pressures on freshwater ecosystems, the biodiversity crisis in the world's lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams and wetlands has deepened. While lakes, reservoirs and rivers cover only 2.3% of the Earth's surface, these ecosystems host at least 9.5% of the Earth's described animal species. Furthermore, using the World Wide Fund for Nature's Living Planet Index, freshwater population declines (83% between 1970 and 2014) continue to outpace contemporaneous declines in marine or terrestrial systems. The Anthropocene has brought multiple new and varied threats that disproportionately impact freshwater systems. We document 12 emerging threats to freshwater biodiversity that are either entirely new since 2006 or have since intensified: (i) changing climates; (ii) e‐commerce and invasions; (iii) infectious diseases; (iv) harmful algal blooms; (v) expanding hydropower; (vi) emerging contaminants; (vii) engineered nanomaterials; (viii) microplastic pollution; (ix) light and noise; (x) freshwater salinisation; (xi) declining calcium; and (xii) cumulative stressors. Effects are evidenced for amphibians, fishes, invertebrates, microbes, plants, turtles and waterbirds, with potential for ecosystem‐level changes through bottom‐up and top‐down processes. In our highly uncertain future, the net effects of these threats raise serious concerns for freshwater ecosystems. However, we also highlight opportunities for conservation gains as a result of novel management tools (e.g. environmental flows, environmental DNA) and specific conservation‐oriented actions (e.g. dam removal, habitat protection policies, managed relocation of species) that have been met with varying levels of success. Moving forward, we advocate hybrid approaches that manage fresh waters as crucial ecosystems for human life support as well as essential hotspots of biodiversity and ecological function. Efforts to reverse global trends in freshwater degradation now depend on bridging an immense gap between the aspirations of conservation biologists and the accelerating rate of species endangerment.

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Biological Reviews

Tập 94 Số 3

849-873

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