Emerging Viral Infections in India

Morse SS (1995) Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 1:7–15

Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS (2004) The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature 430:242–249

http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/pandemic-where-do-new-viral-infections-come-from/

Lederberg J (2000) Infectious history. Science 288:287–293

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1991) Aedes albopictus introduction into continental Africa, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 40:836–838

LeDuc JW, Childs JE, Glass GE (1992) The Hantaviruses, etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: a possible cause of hypertension and chronic renal disease in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health 13:79–98

Banerjee K (1996) Emerging viral infections with special reference to India. Indian J Med Res 103:177–200

Kumar NP, Joseph R, Kamaraj T, Jambulingam P (2008) A226 V mutation in virus during the 2007 chikungunya outbreak in Kerala, India. J Gen Virol 89:1945–1948

Hening RM (1993) In: Dancing matrix; Vintage Books, New York, pp xii–xiii

Schneider MC, Belotto A, Ade MP, Leanes LF, Correa E, Tamayo H, Medina G, Rodrigues MJ (2005) Epidemiologic situation of human rabies in Latin America in 2004. Epidemiol Bull 26:2–4

Chomel BB, Belotto A, Meslin FX (2007) Wildlife, exotic pets, and emerging zoonoses. Emerg Infect Dis 13:6–11

Charrel RN, de Lamballerie X (2003) Arenaviruses other than Lassa virus. Antiviral Res 57:89–100

Taylor LH, Latham SM, Woolhouse ME (2001) Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356:983–989

Woo PC, Lau SK, Yuen KY (2006) Infectious diseases emerging from Chinese wet-markets: zoonotic origins of severe respiratory viral infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 19:401–407

Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt BH, Tamin A, Lam SK, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Zaki SR, Shieh W, Goldsmith CS, Gubler DJ, Roehrig JT, Eaton B, Gould AR, Olson J, Field H, Daniels P, Ling AE, Peters CJ, Anderson LJ, Mahy BW (2000) Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science 288:1432–1435

Chua KB, Goh KJ, Wong KT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan PS, Ksiazek TG, Zaki SR, Paul G, Lam SK, Tan CT (1999) Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia. Lancet 354:1257–1259

Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, Hyatt A, Gould A, Gleeson L, Westbury H, Hiley L, Selvey L, Rodwell B et al (1995) A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans. Science 268:94–97

Wang L, Harcourt BH, Yu M, Tamin A, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Eaton BT (2001) Molecular biology of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect 3:279–287

Wang LF, Yu M, Hansson E, Pritchard LI, Shiell B, Michalski WP, Eaton BT (2000) The exceptionally large genome of Hendra virus: support for creation of a new genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. J Virol 74:9972–9979

Luby SP, Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, Ahmed BN, Banu S, Khan SU, Homaira N, Rota PA, Rollin PE, Comer JA, Kenah E, Ksiazek TG, Rahman MR (2009) ecurrent zoonotic transmission of Nipah virus into humans, Bangladesh, 2001–2007. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1229–1235

Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Ksiazek TG, Mishra A (2006) Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India. Emerg Infect Dis 12:235–240

Luby SP, Rahman M, Hossain MJ, Blum LS, Husain MM, Gurley E, Khan R, Ahmed BN, Rahman S, Nahar N, Kenah E, Comer JA, Ksiazek TG (2006) Foodborne transmission of Nipah virus, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1888–1894

Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, Ali MM, Ksiazek TG, Kuzmin I, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht C, Bresee J, Breiman RF (2004) Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 10:2082–2087

Epstein JH, Prakash V, Smith CS, Daszak P, McLaughlin AB, Meehan G, Field HE, Cunningham AA (2008) Henipavirus infection in fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus), India. Emerg Infect Dis 14:1309–1311

http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section372_13452.htm

Chong HT, Kamarulzaman A, Tan CT, Goh KJ, Thayaparan T, Kunjapan SR, Chew NK, Chua KB, Lam SK (2001) Treatment of acute Nipah encephalitis with ribavirin. Ann Neurol 49:810–813

McEachern JA, Bingham J, Crameri G, Green DJ, Hancock TJ, Middleton D, Feng YR, Broder CC, Wang LF, Bossart KN (2008) A recombinant subunit vaccine formulation protects against lethal Nipah virus challenge in cats. Vaccine 26:3842–3852

Weingartl HM, Berhane Y, Caswell JL, Loosmore S, Audonnet JC, Roth JA, Czub M (2006) Recombinant nipah virus vaccines protect pigs against challenge. J Virol 80:7929–7938

Armstrong LR, Zaki SR, Goldoft MJ, Todd RL, Khan AS, Khabbaz RF, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ (1995) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome associated with entering or cleaning rarely used, rodent-infested structures. J Infect Dis 172:1166

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/caseinfo.htm

Douron E, Moriniere B, Matheron S, Girard PM, Gonzalez JP, Hirsch F, McCormick JB (1984) HFRS after a wild rodent bite in the Haute-Savoie and risk of exposure to Hantaan-like virus in a Paris laboratory. Lancet 1:676–677

Wells RM, Sosa Estani S, Yadon ZE, Enria D, Padula P, Pini N, Mills JN, Peters CJ, Segura EL (1997) An unusual hantavirus outbreak in southern Argentina: person-to-person transmission? Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Study Group for Patagonia. Emerg Infect Dis 3:171–174

Carey DE, Reuben R, Panicker KN, Shope RE, Myers RM (1971) Thottapalayam virus: a presumptive arbovirus isolated from a shrew in India. Indian J Med Res 59:1758–1760

Okumura M, Yoshimatsu K, Kumperasart S, Nakamura I, Ogino M, Taruishi M, Sungdee A, Pattamadilok S, Ibrahim IN, Erlina S, Agui T, Yanagihara R, Arikawa J (2007) Development of serological assays for Thottapalayam virus, an insectivore-borne Hantavirus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14:173–181

Clement J, Hinrichsen S, Crescente J, Bigaignon G, Yersin C, Muthusethupathi M, Nainan G, Terpstra W, Lundkvist A, Van Ranst M (1999) Hantavirus-induced hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) has to be considered in the differential diagnosis of leptospirosis-suspected cases in the new and the old world. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:316–317

Clement J, Muthusethupathi M, Nainan G, van Ranst M (2000) First fatal cases of hantavirus nephropathy in India. Clin Inf Dis 31:315

Clement J, Maes P, Muthusethupathi M, Nainan G, van Ranst M (2006) First evidence of fatal hantavirus nephropathy in India, mimicking leptospirosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:826–827

Chandy S, Mitra S, Sathish N, Vijayakumar TS, Abraham OC, Jesudason MV, Abraham P, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Sridharan G (2005) A pilot study for serological evidence of hantavirus infection in human population in south India. Indian J Med Res 122:211–215

Mehta S, Jiandani P (2007) Ocular features of hantavirus infection. Indian J Ophthalmol 55:378–380

Huggins JW, Hsiang CM, Cosgriff TM, Guang MY, Smith JI, Wu ZO, LeDuc JW, Zheng ZM, Meegan JM, Wang QN et al (1991) Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Infect Dis 164:1119–1127

Maes P, Clement J, Van Ranst M (2009) Recent approaches in hantavirus vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 8:67–76

Powers AM, Logue CH (2007) Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus. J Gen Virol 88:2363–2377

http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section2246_13975.htm

Rajapakse S, Rodrigo C, Rajapakse A (2010) Atypical manifestations of chikungunya infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104:89–96

Chandak NH, Kashyap RS, Kabra D, Karandikar P, Saha SS, Morey SH, Purohit HJ, Taori GM, Daginawala HF (2009) Neurological complications of Chikungunya virus infection. Neurol India 57:177–180

Ramful D, Carbonnier M, Pasquet M, Bouhmani B, Ghazouani J, Noormahomed T, Beullier G, Attali T, Samperiz S, Fourmaintraux A, Alessandri JL (2007) Mother-to-child transmission of chikungunya virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26:811–815

Gerardin P, Barau G, Michault A, Bintner M, Randrianaivo H, Choker G, Lenglet Y, Touret Y, Bouveret A, Grivard P, Le Roux K, Blanc S, Schuffenecker I, Couderc T, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lecuit M, Robillard PY (2008) Multidisciplinary prospective study of mother-to-child chikungunya virus infections on the island of La Reunion. PLoS Med 5:e60

Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, McGee CE, Higgs S (2007) A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog 3:e201

Ravi V (2006) Re-emergence of chikungunya virus in India. Indian J Med Microbiol 24:83–84

Abzug MJ (2009) Enterovirus 71: emergence of the new poliomyelitis. South Afr J Epidemiol Infect 24:5–8

Mizuta K, Abiko C, Murata T, Matsuzaki Y, Itagaki T, Sanjoh K, Sakamoto M, Hongo S, Murayama S, Hayasaka K (2005) Frequent importation of enterovirus 71 from surrounding countries into the local community of Yamagata, Japan, between 1998 and 2003. J Clin Microbiol 43:6171–6175

Wong SS, Yip CC, Lau SK, Yuen KY (2010) Human enterovirus 71 and hand, foot and mouth disease. Epidemiol Infect 138:1071–1089

Sasidharan CK, Sugathan P, Agarwal R, Khare S, Lal S, Jayaram Paniker CK (2005) Hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Calicut. Indian J Pediatr 72:17–21

Sarma N, Sarkar A, Mukherjee A, Ghosh A, Dhar S, Malakar R (2009) Epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in West Bengal, India in August, 2007: a multicentric study. Indian J Dermatol 54:26–30

Karmarkar SA, Aneja S, Khare S, Saini A, Seth A, Chauhan BK (2008) A study of acute febrile encephalopathy with special reference to viral etiology. Indian J Pediatr 75:801–805

Deshpande JM, Nadkarni SS, Francis PP (2003) Enterovirus 71 isolated from a case of acute flaccid paralysis in India represents a new genotype. Curr Sci 84:1350–1353

Beig FK, Malik A, Rizvi M, Acharya D, Khare S (2010) Etiology and clinico-epidemiological profile of acute viral encephalitis in children of western Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Infect Dis 14:e141–e146

Narain JP, Rajesh K, Bhatia R (2009) Pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Epidemiological, clinical and prevention aspects. Natl Med J India 22:e1–e6

http://mohfw-h1n1.nic.in/

http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/CDS_News_letter_vol-8_issue-1.pdf

Chan PK (2002) Outbreak of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in Hong Kong in 1997. Clin Infect Dis 34(Suppl 2):S58–64

http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/cases_table_2011_04_11/en/index.html

http://www.dahd.nic.in/

Bhatt PN, Rodrigues FM (1967) Chandipura: a new arbovirus isolated in India from patients with febrile illness. Indian J Med Res 55:1295–1305

Rodrigues JJ, Singh PB, Dave DS, Prasan R, Ayachit V, Shaikh BH, Pavri KM (1983) Isolation of chandipura virus from the blood in acute encephalopathy syndrome. Indian J Med Res 77:303–307

Rao BL, Basu A, Wairagkar NS, Gore MM, Arankalle VA, Thakare JP, Jadi RS, Rao KA, Mishra AC (2004) A large outbreak of acute encephalitis with high fatality rate in children in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2003, associated with chandipura virus. Lancet 364:869–874

Chadha MS, Arankalle VA, Jadi RS, Joshi MV, Thakare JP, Mahadev PV, Mishra AC (2005) An outbreak of chandipura virus encephalitis in the eastern districts of Gujarat state, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:566–570

Investigation of outbreak of encephalitis in Nanded district and some districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, Annual Report 2003–2004. National Institute of Virology (NIV). NIV, Pune 2004, pp 3–4

Encephalitis in Bhandara and Nagpur, Maharashtra, Annual Report 2005–2006. National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune 2006 p 8

Tandale BV, Tikute SS, Arankalle VA, Sathe PS, Joshi MV, Ranadive SN, Kanojia PC, Eshwarachary D, Kumarswamy M, Mishra AC (2008) Chandipura virus: a major cause of acute encephalitis in children in North Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Med Virol 80:118–124

Gurav YK, Tandale BV, Jadi RS, Gunjikar RS, Tikute SS, Jamgaonkar AV, Khadse RK, Jalgaonkar SV, Arankalle VA, Mishra AC (2010) Chandipura virus encephalitis outbreak among children in Nagpur division, Maharashtra, 2007. Indian J Med Res 132:395–399

Geevarghese G, Arankalle VA, Jadi R, Kanojia PC, Joshi MV, Mishra AC (2005) Detection of chandipura virus from sand flies in the genus Sergentomyia (Diptera: Phlebotomidae) at Karimnagar District, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Med Entomol 42:495–496

Dhanda V, Rodrigues FM, Ghosh SN (1970) Isolation of Chandipura virus from sandflies in Aurangabad. Indian J Med Res 58:179–180

Fontenille D, Traore-Lamizana M, Trouillet J, Leclerc A, Mondo M, Ba Y, Digoutte JP, Zeller HG (1994) First isolations of arboviruses from phlebotomine sand flies in West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50:570–574

Mavale MS, Fulmali PV, Geevarghese G, Arankalle VA, Ghodke YS, Kanojia PC, Mishra AC (2006) Venereal transmission of chandipura virus by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli). Am J Trop Med Hyg 75:1151–1152

Rao TR, Singh KR, Dhanda V, Bhatt PN (1967) Experimental transmission of chandipura virus by mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res 55:1306–1310

Venkateswarlu CH, Arankalle VA (2010) Evaluation of the immunogenicity of a recombinant glycoprotein-based chandipura vaccine in combination with commercially available DPT vaccine. Vaccine 28:1463–1467

http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rare-deadly-virus-surfaces-in-gujarat-kills-three-80202

Prajapati DS, Patel KM, Patel RK, Sen DJ, Patel JS, Garg CS (2011) Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic fever from tick-borne viral disease. Int J Compr Pharm 2:6

Bajpai S, Nadkar MY (2011) Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever: requires vigilance and not panic. JAPI 59:164–167

Chinikar S, Mojtaba Ghiasi S, Moradi M, Goya MM, Reza Shirzadi M, Zeinali M, Mostafavi E, Pourahmad M, Haeri A (2008) Phylogenetic analysis in a recent controlled outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the south of Iran. Euro Surveill 2010:15

Bakir M, Ugurlu M, Dokuzoguz B, Bodur H, Tasyaran MA, Vahaboglu H (2005) Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Middle Anatolia: a multicentre study of clinical features and outcome measures. J Med Microbiol 54:385–389

Outbreak news. Cholera, Haiti, cholera, Pakistan, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and dengue fever, Pakistan. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2010; 85:437-439

Shanmugam J, Smirnova SE, Chumakov MP (1976) Presence of antibody to arboviruses of the Crimean haemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-Congo) group in human beings and domestic animals in India. Indian J Med Res 64:1403–1413

http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/index.html

Cheng VC, Lau SK, Woo PC, Yuen KY (2007) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 20:660–694

Shaila MS (2003) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): an old virus jumping into a new host or a new creation? J Biosci 28:359–360

Umapathy S (2004) Absence of HLA B*46 in Indian population: could it be the cause for protection from SARS epidemic? J Assoc Physicians India 52:760–761

Singh RK, Hosamani M, Balamurugan V, Bhanuprakash V, Rasool TJ, Yadav MP (2007) Buffalopox: an emerging and re-emerging zoonosis. Anim Health Res Rev 8:105–114

Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Prabhu M, Yogisharadhya R, Bora DP, Gandhale PN, Sankar MS, Kulkarni AM, Singh RK, Bhanuprakash V (2010) Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic buffalopox infection: a severe outbreak in Kolhapur (Maharashtra), India. Vet Ital 46:439–448

Gubler DJ (1998) Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:480–496

Mehendale SM, Risbud AR, Rao JA, Banerjee K (1991) Outbreak of dengue fever in rural areas of Parbhani district of Maharashtra (India). Indian J Med Res 93:6–11

Arunachalam N, Murty US, Kabilan L, Balasubramanian A, Thenmozhi V, Narahari D, Ravi A, Satyanarayana K (2004) Studies on dengue in rural areas of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20:87–90

Chouhan GS, Rodrigues FM, Shaikh BH, Ilkal MA, Khangaro SS, Mathur KN, Joshi KR, Vaidhye NK (1990) Clinical & virological study of dengue fever outbreak in Jalore city, Rajasthan 1985. Indian J Med Res 91:414–418

Angel B, Joshi V (2008) Distribution and seasonality of vertically transmitted dengue viruses in Aedes mosquitoes in arid and semi-arid areas of Rajasthan, India. J Vector Borne Dis 45:56–59

Gupta E, Dar L, Kapoor G, Broor S (2006) The changing epidemiology of dengue in Delhi, India. Virol J 3:92

Chakravarti A, Kumar A, Matlani M (2010) Displacement of dengue virus type 3 and type 2 by dengue virus type 1 in Delhi during 2008. Indian J Med Microbiol 28:412

Dash PK, Sharma S, Srivastava A, Santhosh SR, Parida MM, Neeraja M, Subbalaxmi MV, Lakshmi V, Rao PV (2011) Emergence of dengue virus type 4 (genotype I) in India. Epidemiol Infect 139:857–861

Morens DM (1994) Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection and the pathogenesis of viral disease. Clin Infect Dis 19:500–512

Mackenzie JS, Gubler DJ, Petersen LR (2004) Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses. Nat Med 10:S98–S109

Chaturvedi UC, Nagar R (2008) Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: Indian perspective. J Biosci 33:429–441

Sabesan S, Konuganti HKR, Perumal V (2008) Spatial delimitation, forecasting and control of Japanese encephalitis: India: a case study. The open parasitology journal 2:59–63

Prasad SR, Kumar V, Marwaha RK, Batra KL, Rath RK, Pal SR (1993) An epidemic of encephalitis in Haryana: serological evidence of Japanese encephalitis in a few patients. Indian Pediatr 30:905–910

Dhanda V, Thenmozhi V, Kumar NP, Hiriyan J, Arunachalam N, Balasubramanian A, Ilango A, Gajanana A (1997) Virus isolation from wild-caught mosquitoes during a Japanese encephalitis outbreak in Kerala in 1996. Indian J Med Res 106:4–6

Samuel PP, Ayanar K, Kannan M, Thenmozhi V, Paramasivan R, Balasubramanian A, Tyagi BK (2009) Sero-entomological investigations on Japanese encephalitis outbreak in Gorakhpur division, Uttar Pradesh, India. Indian J Med Res 129:329–332

Dhillon GP, Raina VK (2008) Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in context with Indian scenario. J Indian Med Assoc 106:660–663

http://www.path.org/projects/japanese_encephalitis_project.php

Kang G, Kelkar SD, Chitambar SD, Ray P, Naik T (2005) Epidemiological profile of rotaviral infection in India: challenges for the 21st century. J Infect Dis 192(Suppl 1):S120–S126

Broor S, Ghosh D, Mathur P (2003) Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in India. Indian J Med Res 118:59–67

Nayak MK, Chatterjee D, Nataraju SM, Pativada M, Mitra U, Chatterjee MK, Saha TK, Sarkar U, Krishnan T (2009) A new variant of Norovirus GII.4/2007 and inter-genotype recombinant strains of NVGII causing acute watery diarrhoea among children in Kolkata, India. J Clin Virol 45:223–229

Chhabra P, Chitambar SD (2008) Norovirus genotype IIb associated acute gastroenteritis in India. J Clin Virol 42:429–432

Bharaj P, Sullender WM, Kabra SK, Broor S (2010) Human bocavirus infection in children with acute respiratory tract infection in India. J Med Virol 82:812–816

Sasidharan CK, Sugathan P, Mampilly N, Agarwal R, Khare S, Lal S, Jayaram Paniker CK (2009) Red baby syndrome a new disease due to parvovirus B-19 observed in Kerala. Indian J Pediatr 76:309–312

Kant L, Krishnan SK (2010) Information and communication technology in disease surveillance, India: a case study. BMC Public Health 10(Suppl 1):S11

Kanungo R (2010) Managment of infectious disease outbreak: lessons learnt from the H1N1 outbreak. Indian J Med Microbiol 28:1

Parida MM (2008) Rapid and real-time detection technologies for emerging viruses of biomedical importance. J Biosci 33:617–628