Emergency trauma care in rural and remote settings: Challenges and patient outcomes

International Emergency Nursing - Tập 51 - Trang 100880 - 2020
Janita M. Morgan1,2, Pauline Calleja1,3,4
1School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan 4111, QLD, Australia
2Gympie Hospital, Queensland Health, 12 Henry Street, Gympie 4570, QLD, Australia
3School of Nursing Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Level 3 Cairns Square, Corner Abbott and Shields Street, Cairns 4870, QLD, Australia
4Retrieval Services Queensland, Department of Health, 125 Kedron Park Road, Kedron 4031, QLD, Australia

Tài liệu tham khảo

World Health Organisation. The top ten causes of death. Geneva: World Health Organisation 2018 [Available from: www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Injury Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2018 [Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/health-conditions-disability-deaths/injury/overview. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. National healthcare quality and disparities report chartbook on rural health care. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2017. Kristiansen, 2011, Paediatric trauma mortality in Norway: A population-based study of injury characteristics and urban–rural differences, Injury., 43, 1865, 10.1016/j.injury.2011.08.011 Kristiansen, 2013, Epidemiology of trauma: A population-based study of geographical risk factors for injury deaths in the working-age population of Norway, Injury, 45, 23, 10.1016/j.injury.2013.07.007 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Mortality inequalities in Australia 2009–2011. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2014. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4102.0 Australian Social Trends. Canberra, Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2011. American College of Surgeons. Resources for optimal care of the injured patient 2014. . Chicago: IL: American College of Surgeons 2014. Institute of Trauma and Injury Management. Trauma system. Chatswood, Australia: Agency for Clinical Innovation; 2018. American Trauma Society. Trauma centre levels explained. Falls Church, VA: American Trauma Society; no date. Geoscience Australia. Area of Australia-State and territories. Symonston, Australia: Australian Government; no date. Services for Australian Rural and Remote Allied Health. Access. . Deakin, Australia: Services for Australian Rural and Remote Allied Health; 2015. Lilley R, de Graaf B, Kool B, Davie G, Reid P, Dicker B, et al. Geographical and population disparities in timely access to prehospital and advanced level emergency care in New Zealand: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(7). McDermott KM, Brearley MB, Hudson SM, Ward L, Read DJ. Characteristics of trauma mortality in the Northern Territory, Australia. Injury Epidemiology. 2017;4(1). Australian institute of Health and Welfare. Health system expenditure on disease and injury in Australia, 2004‐05. Canberra, Australia: Australian institute of Health and Welfare; 2010. Moore, 2015, Impact of socio-economic status on hospital length of stay following injury: a multicenter cohort study, BMC Health Ser Res, 15 Whittemore, 2005, The integrative review: updated methodology, J Adv Nurs, 52, 546, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339(7716). Fatovich, 2011, A comparison of metropolitan vs rural major trauma in Western Australia, Resuscitation., 82, 886, 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.040 Amram, 2016, Assessing access to paediatric trauma centres in Canada, and the impact of the golden hour on length of stay at the hospital: an observational study, BMJ Open., 6, 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010274 Bakke, 2011, Rural High North: A High Rate of Fatal Injury and Prehospital Death, World J Surg, 35, 1615, 10.1007/s00268-011-1102-y Helling, 2010, First Echelon Hospital Care Before Trauma Center Transfer in a Rural Trauma System, Does It Affect Outcome?, 69, 1362 Newgard, 2017, Evaluation of Rural vs Urban Trauma Patients Served by 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services, JAMASurg., 152, 11 Yeap, 2014, Trauma care in Scotland: effect of rurality on ambulance travel times and level of destination healthcare facility, Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 40, 295, 10.1007/s00068-014-0383-x Fatovich, 2011, Major trauma patients transferred from rural and remote Western australia by the royal flying doctor service, J Trauma, 71, 1816 Wild, 2017, The Effect of Interhospital Transfers on the Outcome of Rural Trauma, Ame Surg., 83, 39, 10.1177/000313481708300123 Adams, 2018, Beliefs and expectations of rural hospital practitioners towards a developing trauma system: A qualitative case study, Injury., 49, 1070, 10.1016/j.injury.2018.03.025 Hardcastle, 2013, The prehospital burden of disease due to trauma in KwaZulu-Natal: the need for Afrocentric trauma systems, World J Surg, 37, 1513, 10.1007/s00268-012-1852-1 Queensland Government. Accessibility/Remoteness index of Australia: Queensland Government Statistician’s Office; 2019 [Available from: https://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/about-statistics/statistical-standards-classifications/accessibility-remoteness-index-australia. Whedon, 2013, An exploratory analysis of transfer times in a rural trauma system, J Emerg Trauma Shock, 6, 259, 10.4103/0974-2700.120368 Rauch, 2018, Pre-hospital times and clinical characteristics of severe trauma patients: A comparison between mountain and urban/suburban areas, Am J Emerg Med, 36, 1749, 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.01.068 Duchesne, 2008, Impact of Telemedicine Upon Rural Trauma Care, J Trauma, 64, 92, 10.1097/TA.0b013e31815dd4c4 Simons, 2010, A population-based analysis of injury-related deaths and access to trauma care in rural-remote northwest british columbia, J Trauma, 69, 11, 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e17b39 Berg, 2017, Successes and Challenges of Optimal Trauma Care for Rural Family Physicians in Kansas, Kansas J Med, 10, 12, 10.17161/kjm.v10i1.8642 Jarman MPMPH, Castillo RCP, Carlini ARMS, Kodadek LMMD, Haider AHMD. Rural risk: Geographic disparities in trauma mortality. Surgery: Official Journal of the Society of University Surgeons, Central Surgical Association, and the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons. 2016;160(6):1551-9. Raatiniemi, 2016, Fatal injuries in rural and urban areas in northern Finland: a 5-year retrospective study, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 60, 668, 10.1111/aas.12682 Bell, 2012, Does direct transport to provincial burn centres improve outcomes? A spatial epidemiology of severe burn injury in British Columbia, 2001–2006, Can J Surg, 55, 110, 10.1503/cjs.014708 Byrne JP. The Influence of Prehospital Times on Trauma Mortality [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: University of Toronto (Canada); 2018. McCowan, 2008, Outcomes of pediatric trauma patients transported from rural and urban scenes, Air Med J, 27, 78, 10.1016/j.amj.2007.10.001 Mihalicz, 2010, Urban vs rural pediatric trauma in Alberta: where can we focus on prevention?, J Pediatr Surg, 45, 908, 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.02.022 Sihler, 2009, Injuries in nonurban areas are associated with increased disability at hospital discharge, J Trauma, 67, 903, 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181aebec2 Dinh, 2016, Major trauma mortality in rural and metropolitan NSW, 2009–2014: a retrospective analysis of trauma registry data, Med J Austr, 205, 403, 10.5694/mja16.00406 Mitchell, 2018, Rural–urban variation in injury-related hospitalisation, health outcomes and treatment cost in New South Wales, Aust J Rural Health, 26, 165, 10.1111/ajr.12408 T. Garwe L.D. Cowan B. Neas T. Cathey B.C. Danford Greenawalt P.Survival Benefit of Transfer to Tertiary Trauma Centers for Major Trauma Patients Initially Presenting to Nontertiary Trauma Centers Garwe, et al. OUTCOMES IN TRAUMA PATIENT TRANSFERS Academic Emergency Medicine. 17 11 2010 1223 32. Lai, 2017, Comparison of mortality among severe trauma patients treated in a trauma centre versus a non-trauma centre, Hong Kong J. Emergency Med, 24, 18, 10.1177/102490791702400103 Galanis DJ, Steinemann S, Rosen L, Bronstein AC, Biffl WL. Rural Level III centers in an inclusive trauma system reduce the need for interfacility transfer. 2018;85(4):747-51. Lipsky, 2014, A comparison of rural versus urban trauma care, J. Emerg. Trauma Shock., 7, 41, 10.4103/0974-2700.125639 Angerpointner, 2019, Quality of life after multiple trauma: results from a patient cohort treated in a certified trauma network, Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 1–7 Basak, 2017, Addition of a general surgeon without addition of appropriate support is inadequate to improve outcomes of trauma patients in a rural setting: a cohort study of 1962 consecutive patients, Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 43, 835, 10.1007/s00068-016-0736-8 Ernstberger, 2018133, A trauma network with centralized and local health care structures: Evaluating the effectiveness of the first certified Trauma Network of the German Society of Trauma, Surgery. PLoS One. Bell, 2012, Are we failing our rural communities? Motor vehicle injury in British Columbia, Canada, 2001–2007, Injury., 43, 1888, 10.1016/j.injury.2011.07.018 Giummarra, 2020, Pain, Anxiety, and Depression in the First Two Years Following Transport-Related Major Trauma: A Population-Based Prospective Registry Cohort Study, Pain Med., 21, 291, 10.1093/pm/pnz209 Kahramansoy, 2013, Gender differences in trauma mechanisms, and outcomes in a rural hospital which is not designed as trauma centre, Emerg Med J EMJ, 30, 10.1136/emermed-2011-200657 Tarim, 2013, Living in rural areas is a major risk factor for severe burn injury in Turkey, Eastern J Med, 18, 8 Billeter, 2014, Interhospital transfer of blunt multiply injured patients to a level 1 trauma center does not adversely affect outcome, Am J Surg, 207, 459, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.04.015 Leonhard, 2015, Urban/Rural disparities in Oregon pediatric traumatic brain injury, Injury Epidemiology., 2, 1, 10.1186/s40621-015-0063-2 Australian institute of Health and Welfare, 2018 Bajwa, 2011, Designing, managing and improving the operative and intensive care in polytrauma, J Emerg Trauma Shock., 4, 494, 10.4103/0974-2700.86642 Jayarajan SN. Impact of setting of injury and level of trauma center on trauma mortality after field intubation [M.S.]. Ann Arbor: Temple University; 2012. Culica, 2008, Factors associated with hospital mortality in traumatic injuries: Incentive for trauma care integration, Public Health., 122, 285, 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.06.020 Fleet, 2019, Profile of trauma mortality and trauma care resources at rural emergency departments and urban trauma centres in Quebec: a population-based, retrospective cohort study, BMJ Open., 9, 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028512 Richardson-Tench M. Research in nursing : evidence for best practice. 5th ed.. ed. Richardson-Tench M, editor. South Melbourne, Vic.: South Melbourne, Vic. : Cengage Learning; 2014. Dale AL. Outcomes in rural trauma victims based on mode of transport [Ph.D.]. Ann Arbor: TUI University; 2009. Ford, 2020, Does Direct Helicopter Retrieval Improve Survival of Severely Injured Trauma Patients From Rural Western Australia?, Air Med J, 10.1016/j.amj.2020.01.005 Curtis, 2020, Challenges to trauma care delivery for Australian and New Zealand trauma clinicians, Injury Fleet, 2013, A descriptive study of access to services in a random sample of Canadian rural emergency departments, BMJ Open., 3, 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003876 Malekpour, 2017, Changes in rural trauma prehospital times following the Rural Trauma Team Development Course training, Am J Surg, 213, 399, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.06.015 McCrum, 2013, ATLS adherence in the transfer of rural trauma patients to a level I facility, Injury., 44, 1241, 10.1016/j.injury.2012.05.009 Gomez D, Berube M, Xiong W, Ahmed N, Haas B, Schuurman N, et al. Identifying Targets for Potential Interventions to Reduce Rural Trauma Deaths: A Population-Based Analysis. 2010;69(3):633-9. Fatovich, 2011, A comparison of major trauma patients transported to trauma centres vs. non-trauma centres in metropolitan Perth, Resuscitation., 82, 560, 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.01.016 Vernberg DK, Rotondo MF. Sustaining an inclusive trauma system in a rural state: the role of regional care systems, partnerships, and quality of care. Journal of trauma nursing : the official journal of the Society of Trauma Nurses. 2010;17(3):142-7. Gonzalez RPMD, Cummings GRMBAHCMRN, Phelan HAMD, Mulekar MSPD, Rodning CBMDPD. Does increased emergency medical services prehospital time affect patient mortality in rural motor vehicle crashes? A statewide analysis. American Journal of Surgery, The. 2009;197(1):30-4. Boyle, 2008, From roadside to hospital: A pilot study to investigate the factors influencing the time taken to deliver trauma patients to a regional hospital, Australasian J Paramed, 6, 1 Hesselfeldt, 2013, Impact of a physician-staffed helicopter on a regional trauma system: a prospective, controlled, observational study, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand., 57, 660, 10.1111/aas.12052 Havrda, 2014, Pretransfer imaging decisions in rural trauma cases, Radiol Technol, 86, 187 Haley, 2009, Trauma: the impact of repeat imaging, Am J Surg., 198, 858, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.05.030 Thornburg, 2017, Pretransfer CT scans are frequently performed, but rarely helpful in rural trauma systems, Am J Surg, 214, 1061, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.07.037 Fedor, 2018, Major Trauma Outside a Trauma Center: Prehospital, Emergency Department, and Retrieval Considerations, Emerg Med Clin North Am, 36, 203, 10.1016/j.emc.2017.08.010 Con, 2015, Secondary overtriage in a statewide rural trauma system, J Surg Res., 198, 462, 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.077 Leeuwenburg, 2015, Tyranny of distance and rural prehospital care: Is there potential for a national rural responder network?, Emerg Med Australasia., 27, 481, 10.1111/1742-6723.12432 National Health Service (NHS) Clinical Advisory Group. Regional networks for major trauma 2010 London, UK: NHS. Bøtker MT, Bakke SA, Christensen EF. A systematic review of controlled studies: do physicians increase survival with prehospital treatment? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med [Internet]. 2009 2009; 17:[12 p.]. Available from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/19265550 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/19265550/pdf/?tool=EBI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/19265550/?tool=EBI https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-17-12 https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2657098 https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2657098?pdf=render. Sasser SM, Hunt RC, Faul M, Sugerman D, Pearson WS, Dulski T, et al. Guidelines for field triage of injured patients: recommendations of the National Expert Panel on Field Triage, 2011. MMWR Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report Recommendations and reports. 2012;61(Rr-1):1-20. Lerner EB, Moscati RM. The golden hour: scientific fact or medical “urban legend”? Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2001;8(7):758-60. McNicholl, 1994, The golden hour and prehospital trauma care, Injury., 25, 251, 10.1016/0020-1383(94)90073-6 Duke, 2018, When Minutes Fly by: What Is the True “Golden Hour” for Air Care?, Am Surg, 84, 862, 10.1177/000313481808400633 Pigneri, 2017, Trauma Systems, Surg Clin North Am, 97, 947, 10.1016/j.suc.2017.06.011 Newgard, 2010, Emergency Medical Services Intervals and Survival in Trauma: Assessment of the “Golden Hour” in a North American Prospective Cohort, Ann Emerg Med, 55, 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.07.024 McDonell, 2009, The organisation of trauma services for rural Australia. Journal of Emergency, Primary Health Care., 7 Fleet, 2015, Differences in Access to Services in Rural Emergency Departments of Quebec and Ontario, PLoS ONE, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0123746 Department of Health. Queensland Ambulance Service (QAS) Clinical Practice Guidelines: trauma/pre-hospital trauma by-pass Brisbane, Australia: Clinical Quality and Patient Safety Unit; 2019 [Available from: https://www.ambulance.qld.gov.au/docs/clinical/cpg/CPG_PreHospital%20trauma%20bypass.pdf. Curtis, 2011, Outcomes of severely injured adult trauma patients in an Australian health service: does trauma center level make a difference?, World J Surg., 35, 2332, 10.1007/s00268-011-1217-1 Curtis, 2012, Injury trends and mortality in adult patients with major trauma in New South Wales, Med J Aust, 197, 233, 10.5694/mja11.11351 Haas, 2012, The mortality benefit of direct trauma center transport in a regional trauma system: A population-based analysis, J. Trauma Acute Care Surg., 72, 1510, 10.1097/TA.0b013e318252510a Hsiao, 2012, Outcomes of trauma patients: Direct transport versus transfer after stabilisation at another hospital, Injury., 43, 1575, 10.1016/j.injury.2012.01.004 Rivara, 2008, Outcomes of trauma patients after transfer to a level I trauma center, J. Trauma., 64, 1594, 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181493099 Cameron, 2008, A statewide system of trauma care in Victoria: Effect on patient survival, Med J Aust, 189, 546, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02176.x Tinkoff, 2010, Delaware's inclusive trauma system: impact on mortality, J Trauma., 69, 245, 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e493b9 American College of Surgeons. Rural Trauma Team Development Course Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; no date [Available from: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/trauma/education/rttdc. Sorensen, 2013, Secondary Overtriage: The Burden of Unnecessary Interfacility Transfers in a Rural Trauma System, JAMA Surgery., 148, 763, 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.2132 Bukur, 2018, The Price of Always Saying Yes: A Cost Analysis of Secondary Overtriage to an Urban Level I Trauma Center, Am Surg., 84, 1368, 10.1177/000313481808400854 Polites, 2018, Undertriage after severe injury among United States trauma centers and the impact on mortality, Am J Surg., 216, 813, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.07.061 Parikh, 2019, Association of System-Level Factors With Secondary Overtriage in Trauma Patients, JAMA Surgery., 154, 19, 10.1001/jamasurg.2018.3209 Ciesla, 2008, Secondary Overtriage: A Consequence of an Immature Trauma System, J Am Coll Surg, 206, 131, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.06.285 Mohan D, Rosengart MR, Farris C, Cohen E, Angus DC, Barnato AE. Assessing the feasibility of the American College of Surgeons' benchmarks for the triage of trauma patients. Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill : 1960). 2011;146(7):786-92. McSwain, 2012, A model for rural trauma care, British J Surg, 99, 309, 10.1002/bjs.7734 Mohr, 2017, Emergency Department Telemedicine Is Used for More Severely Injured Rural Trauma Patients, but Does Not Decrease Transfer: A Cohort Study, Acad Emerg Med, 24, 177, 10.1111/acem.13120 Wesson, 2013, Rural Trauma Telemedicine, J. Trauma Nurs, 20, 199, 10.1097/JTN.0000000000000012 Latifi, 2009, Initial experiences and outcomes of telepresence in the management of trauma and emergency surgical patients, Am J Surg, 198, 905, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.08.011 Bjorn PP. Rural teletrauma: Applications, opportunities, and challenges. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. 2012;34(3):232-7. Dharmar, 2013, Impact of Critical Care Telemedicine Consultations on Children in Rural Emergency Departments, Crit Care Med, 41, 2388, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828e9824 Mohr NM, Young T, Harland KK, Skow B, Wittrock A, Bell A, et al. Emergency Department Telemedicine Shortens Rural Time-To-Provider and Emergency Department Transfer Times. Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association. 2018;24(8):582-93. Kappel, 2011, Does the rural trauma team development course shorten the interval from trauma patient arrival to decision to transfer?, J Trauma., 70, 315, 10.1097/TA.0b013e318209589e Morse A, Fisher A, C R. Major trauma care in England. London, UK: National Audit Office; 2010. p. 1-41.