Electrooxidation degradation of hydroxychloroquine in wastewater using a long-acting Ti-based PbO2 anode with an arc-sprayed (Ti,Zr)N interlayer

Arias, 2006, Study of TiN and ZrN thin films grown by cathodic arc technique, Appl. Surf. Sci., 253, 1683, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.03.017 Bensalah, 2020, Degradation of hydroxychloroquine by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes, Chem. Eng. J., 402, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126279 Bi, 2019, Study of the mechanisms underlying the effects of composite intermediate layers on the performance of Ti/SnO2-Sb-La electrodes, Electrochim. Acta, 306, 667, 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.122 Briggs, 1990, 437 Chen, 2021, Stabilized PbO2 electrode prepared via crystal facet controlling for outstanding degradation of MePB, J. Electroanal. Chem., 890, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115246 Dai, 2016, Electrochemical oxidation metronidazole with Co modified PbO2 electrode: degradation and mechanism, Sep. Purif. Technol., 166, 109, 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.04.028 Daughton, 2014, The Matthew Effect and widely prescribed pharmaceuticals lacking environmental monitoring: case study of an exposure-assessment vulnerability, Sci. Total Environ., 466, 315, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.111 Deng, 2020, Electrochemical degradation of three phthalate esters in synthetic wastewater by using a Ce-doped Ti/PbO2 electrode, Chemosphere, 259, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127488 Devi, 2017, Effect of La doping on the lattice defects and photoluminescence properties of CuO, J. Alloys Compd., 709, 496, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.03.148 Du, 2013, Vibration damping performance of ZrTiN coating deposited by arc ion plating on TC4 Titanium alloy, Surf. Coat. Technol., 229, 172, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.05.140 Duan, 2017, Fabrication of a novel PbO2 electrode with a graphene nanosheet interlayer for electrochemical oxidation of 2-chlorophenol, Electrochim. Acta, 240, 424, 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.114 Ferner, 2020, Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19, BMJ Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 369 Fox, 1993, Mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine as an antirheumatic drug, Semin. Arthritis Rheum., 23, 82, 10.1016/S0049-0172(10)80012-5 Fu, 2023, Wastewater treatment by anodic oxidation in electrochemical advanced oxidation process: advance in mechanism, direct and indirect oxidation detection methods, Chemosphere, 311, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136993 Garcia-Segura, 2011, Mineralization of the recalcitrant oxalic and oxamic acids by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes using a boron-doped diamond anode, Water Res., 45, 2975, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.017 Guo, 2022, How to improve lead dioxide anodes performance in organic wastewater treatment: review and prospect, Process Saf. Environ. Protect., 164, 189, 10.1016/j.psep.2022.06.012 Han, 2011, Mechanism and kinetics of electrochemical degradation of isothiazolin-ones using Ti/SnO2-Sb/PbO2 anode, Desalination, 276, 82, 10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.027 He, 2018, Hydrophobic networked PbO2 electrode for electrochemical oxidation of paracetamol drug and degradation mechanism kinetics, Chemosphere, 193, 89, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.144 Höchst, 1982, Photoemission study of the electronic structure of stoichiometric and substoichiometric TiN and ZrN, Phys. Rev. B, 10.1103/PhysRevB.25.7183 Jia, 2018, Electrocatalytic degradation of rice straw lignin in alkaline solution through oxidation on a Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 anode and reduction on an iron or tin doped titanium cathode, Catal. Sci. Technol., 8, 4665, 10.1039/C8CY00307F Jiang, 2021, Anodic oxidation for the degradation of organic pollutants: anode materials, operating conditions and mechanisms, A mini review. Electrochem. Commun., 123 Kargar, 2021, Synthesis of modified beta bismuth oxide by titanium oxide and highly efficient solar photocatalytic properties on hydroxychloroquine degradation and pathways, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, Chemistry, 419, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113453 Lee, 2011, The role of antimalarial agents in the treatment of SLE and lupus nephritis, Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 7, 718, 10.1038/nrneph.2011.150 Li, 2009, Efficient electrochemical reduction of nitrate to nitrogen using Ti/IrO2–Pt anode and different cathodes, Electrochim. Acta, 54, 4600, 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.064 Liang, 2001, Electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution reaction on Ti/SnO2+RuO2+MnO2/MnO2 electrode in sulfuric acid solution[J], Chem. Res. Chin. Univ., 17, 287 Lu, 2020, Modulation of the plasmonic characteristics of Ti-Zr ternary nitride thin films by assisting ions, Appl. Surf. Sci., 505, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144579 Luk'yanenko, 2020, PbO2-surfactant composites: electrosynthesis and catalytic activity, J. Solid State Electrochem., 24, 1045, 10.1007/s10008-020-04572-8 Milošev, 1998, Oxidation of ternary TiZrN hard coatings studied by XPS, Surf. Interface Anal., 26, 242, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9918(199804)26:4<242::AID-SIA367>3.0.CO;2-Y Moradi, 2020, Service life and stability of electrodes applied in electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: a comprehensive review, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 87, 18, 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.03.038 Muneshwar, 2018, Comparing XPS on bare and capped ZrN films grown by plasma enhanced ALD: effect of ambient oxidation, Appl. Surf. Sci., 435, 367, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.104 Pahlevani, 2020, Electrochemical oxidation treatment of offshore produced water using modified Ti/Sb-SnO2 anode by graphene oxide, J. Water Process Eng., 35, 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101204 Pan, 2022, First-principles investigation of structural stability, electronic and optical properties of suboxide (Zr3O), Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Adv., 281, 10.1016/j.mseb.2022.115746 Panizza, 2008, Oxidation of organic pollutants on BDD anodes using modulated current electrolysis, Electrochim. Acta, 53, 2289, 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.09.044 Ramana, 2004, Structure, composition and microhardness of (Ti,Zr)N and (Ti,Al)N coatings prepared by DC magnetron sputtering, Mater. Lett., 58, 2553, 10.1016/j.matlet.2004.03.020 Samim, 2021, Nanoscale architecture of ZrN/CrN coatings: microstructure, composition, mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 15, 542, 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.018 Santos, 2019, A ceramic electrode of ZrO2-Y2O3 for the generation of oxidant species in anodic oxidation. Assessment of the treatment of Acid Blue 29 dye in sulfate and chloride media, Sep. Purif. Technol., 228 Sarauli, 2016, Investigation of the pH-dependent impact of sulfonated polyaniline on bioelectrocatalytic activity of xanthine dehydrogenase, ACS Catal., 6, 7152, 10.1021/acscatal.6b02011 Schrezenmeier, 2020, Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology, Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 16, 155, 10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x Silva, 2021, Photocatalytic degradation of hydroxychloroquine using ZnO supported on clinoptilolite zeolite, Water Sci. Technol., 84, 763, 10.2166/wst.2021.265 Sui, 2019, Fabrication of three-dimensional networked PbO2 anode for electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 100, 74, 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.04.007 Sun, 2022, A new insight into the ARG association with antibiotics and non-antibiotic agents-antibiotic resistance and toxicity, Environ. Pollut., 293, 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118524 Tang, 2021, Enhancing the stability and electrocatalytic activity of Ti-based PbO2 anodes by introduction of an arc-sprayed TiN interlayer, Electrochim. Acta, 399, 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139398 Tang, 2019, Influence of a MnO2-WC interlayer on the stability and electrocatalytic activity of titanium-based PbO2 anodes, Electrochim. Acta, 331 Tang, 2020, Properties of Ti-based PbO2 electrocatalytic anodes with an arc sprayed ZrN-interlayer, Chinese Journal of Materilas Research, 34, 527 Tang, 2015, Oxidation behavior of CVD star-shaped TiN coating in ambient air, Ceram. Int., 41, 9549, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.04.014 Thiam, 2015, Decolorization and mineralization of Allura Red AC aqueous solutions by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes, J. Hazard Mater., 290, 34, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.050 Velichenko, 2020, Electrosynthesis and catalytic activity of PbO2-fluorinated surfactant composites, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 95, 3085, 10.1002/jctb.6483 Wang, 2016, The influence of anode materials on the kinetics toward electrochemical oxidation of phenol, Electrochim. Acta, 206, 270, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.168 Wang, 2020, Electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton degradation of sulfamethazine using an active gas diffusion electrode without aeration, Chemosphere, 250, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126177 Wang, 2020, Surface characterization and electrochemical properties of PbO2/SnO2 composite anodes for electrocatalytic oxidation of m-nitrophenol, Electrochim. Acta, 335, 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135649 Wang, 2020, Insights into the electrochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole and its metabolite by Ti/SnO2-Sb/Er-PbO2 anode, Chin. Chem. Lett., 31, 2673, 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.03.073 Wei, 2021, Electrochemical degradation of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) using the electrodeposited Ti/TiO2-NTs/PbO2 electrode, Sep. Purif. Technol., 258, 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118056 Xia, 2020, Effect of indium doping on the PbO2 electrode for the enhanced electrochemical oxidation of aspirin: an electrode comparative study, Sep. Purif. Technol., 237, 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116321 Xia, 2020, Electrochemical oxidation of Acid Orange 7 azo dye using a PbO2 electrode: parameter optimization, reaction mechanism and toxicity evaluation, Chemosphere, 241, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125010 Xu, 2022, Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate - a step towards a sustainable nitrogen cycle, Chem. Soc. Rev., 51, 2710, 10.1039/D1CS00857A Xue, 2017, Influence of molecular structure of imidazolium based ionic liquids on the electrochemical oxidation performances of resulting PbO2 deposits, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 4795, 10.20964/2017.06.15 Yao, 2019, Electrochemical degradation of insecticide hexazinone with Bi-doped PbO2 electrode: influencing factors, intermediates and degradation mechanism, Chemosphere, 216, 812, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.191 Yao, 2019, Preparation and electrochemical treatment application of Ce-PbO2/ZrO2 composite electrode in the degradation of acridine orange by electrochemical advanced oxidation process, J. Hazard Mater., 361, 141, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.081 Yao, 2019, Electrochemical oxidation of acetamiprid using Yb-doped PbO2 electrodes: electrode characterization, influencing factors and degradation pathways, Sep. Purif. Technol., 211, 456, 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.021 Yu, 2023, Electrodeposition of MnO2-doped Pb-0.6%Sb/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 novel composite energy-saving anode for zinc electrowinning, J. Energy Storage, 61, 10.1016/j.est.2022.106264 Yu, 2020, Study of simultaneously electrodepositing α/β-PbO2 coating materials in methanesulfonic acid and its application in novel flow battery, Renew. Energy, 159, 885, 10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.159 Yu, 2016, Ionic liquids assisted electrodeposition and electrocatalytic activity of PbO2 electrodes, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 1199, 10.1016/S1452-3981(23)15916-5 Yu, 2017, Preparation and characterization of [emim]BF4 modified lead dioxide electrodes, Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 46, 1833, 10.1016/S1875-5372(17)30175-3 Yu, 2017, Influences of electro-oxidation operating conditions on phenol degradation[J], Environ. Eng., 35, 6 Yu, 2021, Fabrication of a stable Ti/Pb-TiOxNWs/PbO2 anode and its application in benzoquinone degradation, Electrochim. Acta, 368, 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137532 Zhang, 2019, High capacity silicon anodes enabled by MXene viscous aqueous ink, Nat. Commun., 10 Zhang, 2020, In situ ice template approach to fabricate 3D flexible MXene film-based electrode for high performance supercapacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater., 30 Zhang, 2019, Combined effect of heat treatment and sealing on the corrosion resistance of reactive plasma sprayed TiNx/TiOy coatings, Ceram. Int., 45, 24545, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.08.182 Zhang, 2022, Preparation of a novel Ni/Sb co-doped Ti/SnO2 electrode with carbon nanotubes as growth template by electrodeposition in a deep eutectic solvent, J. Electroanal. Chem., 911, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116225 Zhou, 2018, Electrochemical oxidation of pyrrole, pyrazole and tetrazole using a TiO2 nanotubes based SnO2-Sb/3D highly ordered macro-porous PbO2 electrode, J. Electroanal. Chem., 826, 181, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.08.039 Zhu, 2022, A self-sufficient electro-Fenton system with enhanced oxygen transfer for decontamination of pharmaceutical wastewater, Chem. Eng. J., 429, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132176