Electrochromic Materials

Annual Review of Materials Research - Tập 41 Số 1 - Trang 241-268 - 2011
Roger J. Mortimer1
1Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom

Tóm tắt

Electrochromic materials have the property of a change, evocation, or bleaching of color as effected either by an electron-transfer (redox) process or by a sufficient electrochemical potential. The main classes of electrochromic materials are surveyed here, with descriptions of representative examples from the metal oxides, viologens (in solution and as adsorbed or polymeric films), conjugated conducting polymers, metal coordination complexes (as polymeric, evaporated, or sublimed films), and metal hexacyanometallates. Examples of the applications of such electrochromic materials are included. Other materials aspects important for the construction of electrochromic devices include optically transparent electrodes, electrolyte layers, and device encapsulation. Commercial successes, current trends, and future challenges in electrochromic materials research and development are summarized.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1017/CBO9780511550959

10.1002/9783527615377

Granqvist CG, 1995, Handbook of Inorganic Electrochromic Materials

10.1039/cs9972600147

10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00046-8

10.1002/1521-4095(200106)13:11<783::AID-ADMA783>3.0.CO;2-D

10.3184/003685002783238816

10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/09016-2

10.1016/j.displa.2005.03.003

Dyer AL, 2007, Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 1, 3, 1

10.1021/cr900129a

10.1146/annurev.ms.16.080186.001153

10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00034-1

10.1063/1.1319325

10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00401-0

10.1002/adfm.200601145

10.1007/s10008-005-0668-4

10.1039/b918086a

10.1016/S0379-6779(97)80309-8

10.1149/1.2134377

10.1016/j.solmat.2009.08.021

10.1016/S0927-0248(99)00088-4

10.1039/b612174h

10.1016/j.solmat.2006.10.027

25. Berzelius JJ. 1815.Afh. Fys. Kemi Miner.4:293

26. Wöhler F. 1824.Ann. Phys.2:350

27. Kobosew N, Nekrassow NI. 1930.Z. Elektrochem.36:529

10.1364/AO.8.S1.000192

10.1063/1.1708145

10.1080/14786437308227562

10.1016/0927-0248(95)00055-0

10.1016/j.solmat.2007.01.026

Monk PMS., 1998, The Viologens: Physicochemical Properties, Synthesis and Applications of the Salts of 4,4′-Bipyridine

10.1063/1.1654808

35. Barclay DJ, Bird CL, Kirkman DH, Martin DH, Moth FT. 1980. An integrated electrochromic data display.SID 80 Digest, p. 124 (Abstr. 12.2)

10.1149/1.2131256

Barclay DJ, 1984, Technology of Chemicals and Materials for the Electronics Industry

38. Schoot CJ, Ponjee J. 1974. U.S. Philips Corp. Image display apparatus.U.S. Patent No. 3,806,229

Shelepin IV, 1977, Soviet Electrochem., 13, 24

Shelepin IV, 1977, Soviet Electrochem., 13, 346

Ushakov OA, 1978, Soviet Electrochem., 14, 271

42. Byker HJ. 1990. Gentex Corp. Single-compartment, self-erasing, solution-phase electrochromic devices, solutions for use therein, and uses thereof.U.S. Patent No. 4,902,108

10.1149/1.1838413

10.1016/j.ssi.2003.08.040

10.1149/1.2108772

10.1149/1.2108850

10.1149/1.1837639

10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00637-5

10.1021/j150644a008

10.1021/j150607a018

51. Bidan G, Deronzier A, Moutet J-C. 1984. Electrochemical coating of an electrode by a poly(pyrrole) film containing the viologen (4,4′-bipyridinium) system.J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.1185–86

10.1016/0022-0728(86)90036-7

10.1016/S0022-0728(02)01155-5

10.1149/1.1837709

10.1038/353737a0

10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.011

10.1002/anie.200907008

Skotheim TA, 2007, Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 3, 10.1201/b12346

10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200004)12:7<481::AID-ADMA481>3.0.CO;2-C

10.1002/adma.200300376

61. Thomas CA. 2001.Donor-acceptor methods for band gap reduction in conjugated polymers: the role of electron rich donor heterocycles. PhD thesis. Univ. Florida. 226 pp.

10.1021/cm9801237

10.1021/cm9706614

10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199911)11:16<1379::AID-ADMA1379>3.0.CO;2-Q

10.1002/1521-3927(20021001)23:15<885::AID-MARC885>3.0.CO;2-X

10.1021/ma961607w

10.1021/ma960879w

10.1021/ma0120409

10.1039/b306365h

10.1021/ma049222y

10.1021/am900431z

10.1021/ma100366y

10.1002/adma.200800280

10.1038/nmat2272

10.1002/adma.200902917

10.1002/adma.200502312

10.1021/ma000490f

10.1021/ma9916180

10.1021/cm703354q

10.1021/cm902069k

10.1021/ma021108x

10.1021/cm020050y

10.1016/0010-8545(88)80032-8

10.1021/ja00391a001

10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.001045

10.1021/ic00014a022

10.1021/ic00151a005

10.1021/ic00035a017

10.1002/pi.1994.210350303

10.1016/0927-0248(92)90076-2

10.1016/0022-0728(95)04465-5

92. Beer PD, Kocian O, Mortimer RJ. 1990. Novel mono- and di-ferrocenyl bipyridyl ligands: syntheses, electrochemistry and electropolymerisation studies of their ruthenium(II) complexes.J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans.3283–88

10.1039/ft9938900333

94. Beer PD, Kocian O, Mortimer RJ, Ridgway C. 1993. New alkynyl- and vinyl-linked benzo- and aza-crown ether-bipyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes which spectrochemically recognise group IA and IIA metal cations.J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans.2629–38

10.1016/j.elecom.2008.01.009

10.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.027

97. de la Torre G, Claessens CG, Torres T. 2007. Phthalocyanines: old dyes, new materials. Putting color in nanotechnology.Chem. Commun.2000–15

Moskalev PN, 1970, Opt. Spectros., 29, 220

10.1016/0022-0728(91)85445-U

10.1016/0022-0728(91)85366-W

10.1246/cl.1997.653

10.1039/b109283a

10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.11.033

Kraft A., 2008, Bull. Hist. Chem., 33, 61

10.1021/ic50002a028

10.1021/cm0341540

10.1149/1.2131575

10.1063/1.329997

109. Honda K, Ochiai J, Hayashi H. 1986. Polymerization of transition metal complexes in solid polymer electrolytes.J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.168–70

10.1149/1.2086962

10.1021/ar00126a001

10.1021/ja00382a006

10.1016/S0022-0728(83)80429-X

114. Mortimer RJ, Rosseinsky DR. 1984. Iron hexacyanoferrate films: spectroelectrochemical distinction and electrodeposition sequence of “soluble” (K+-containing) and “insoluble” (K+-free) Prussian blue, and composition changes in polyelectrochromic switching.J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans.2059–61

10.1002/adfm.200304507

10.1021/nn900526c

117. Millward RC, Madden CE, Sutherland I, Mortimer RJ, Fletcher S, Marken F. 2001. Directed assembly of multi-layers—the case of Prussian Blue.Chem. Commun.1994–95

10.1021/la0104424

10.1016/0022-0728(88)80024-X

10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00041-9

10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.013

10.1016/j.solmat.2009.05.010

10.1016/j.solmat.2005.02.018

10.1016/j.solmat.2009.06.003

10.1021/cm049669l

10.1021/cm049951s

10.1039/b417607c

10.1002/adma.200401353

10.1016/0040-6090(83)90256-0

10.1007/BF00331211

10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00163-3

10.1016/j.solmat.2007.04.031

10.1021/cm1004592

10.1002/adma.200305038

10.1126/science.1101243

10.1021/am900435j

10.1021/cm902768q

10.1038/nnano.2010.132

10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00418-2

10.1016/0165-1633(89)90020-8

10.1016/0040-6090(80)90471-X

10.1016/0040-6090(80)90361-2

10.1149/1.2124089

10.1007/978-94-011-1568-1_1

10.1149/1.1640635

10.1016/j.solmat.2004.03.005

10.1016/j.displa.2004.09.015

10.1021/cm000097o

10.1039/b418771g

10.1016/j.displa.2008.02.002