Electrically conductive hydrogels for flexible energy storage systems

Progress in Polymer Science - Tập 88 - Trang 220-240 - 2019
Wei Zhang1, Pan Feng1, Jian Chen1, Zhengming Sun1, Boxin Zhao2,3,4
1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, China
2Department of Chemical Engineering, Canada
3Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Canada
4Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada

Tài liệu tham khảo

Sangeetha, 2005, Supramolecular gels: functions and uses, Chem Soc Rev, 34, 821, 10.1039/b417081b Johnson, 2010, Some hydrogels having novel molecular structures, Prog Polym Sci, 35, 332, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.12.002 Guiseppi-Elie, 2010, Electroconductive hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications, Biomaterials, 31, 2701, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.052 Zhao, 2017, Multifunctional nanostructured conductive polymer gels: synthesis, properties, and applications, Acc Chem Res, 50, 1734, 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00191 Estroff, 2004, Water gelation by small organic molecules, Chem Rev, 104, 1201, 10.1021/cr0302049 Jeong, 2002, Thermosensitive sol – gel reversible hydrogels, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 54, 37, 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00242-3 Sahiner, 2013, Soft and flexible hydrogel templates of different sizes and various functionalities for metal nanoparticle preparation and their use in catalysis, Prog Polym Sci, 38, 1329, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.004 Peppas, 2000, Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations, Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 50, 27, 10.1016/S0939-6411(00)00090-4 Asher, 1997, Polymerized colloidal crystal hydrogel film as intelligent chemical sensing materials, Nature, 389, 829, 10.1038/39834 Wang, 2017, Bioinspired fabrication of high strength hydrogels from non-covalent interactions, Prog Polym Sci, 71, 1, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.04.001 Shapiro, 2011, Structure and dynamics of hydrogels and organogels: an NMR spectroscopy approach, Prog Polym Sci, 36, 1184, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.04.002 Caccavo, 2018, Hydrogels: experimental characterization and mathematical modelling of their mechanical and diffusive behaviour, Chem Soc Rev, 47, 2357, 10.1039/C7CS00638A Shi, 2016, Electroconductive natural polymer-based hydrogels, Biomaterials, 111, 40, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.020 Sekine, 2010, Conducting polymer electrodes printed on hydrogel, J Am Chem Soc, 132, 13174, 10.1021/ja1062357 You, 2010, Conductive, physiologically responsive hydrogels, Langmuir, 26, 4607, 10.1021/la100294p Ferris, 2009, Conducting bio-materials based on gellan gum hydrogels, Soft Matter, 5 Liao, 2017, Wearable, healable, and adhesive epidermal sensors assembled from mussel-inspired conductive hybrid hydrogel framework, Adv Funct Mater, 27, 1, 10.1002/adfm.201703852 Zhou, 2013, Graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hydrogel with excellent mechanical performance and high conductivity, Carbon N Y, 59, 495, 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.045 Han, 2017, Mussel-inspired adhesive and tough hydrogel based on nanoclay confined dopamine polymerization, ACS Nano, 11, 2561, 10.1021/acsnano.6b05318 Cong, 2013, Stretchable and self-healing graphene oxide-polymer composite hydrogels: a dual-network design, Chem Mater, 25, 3357, 10.1021/cm401919c Chortos, 2014, Skin-inspired electronic devices, Mater Today, 17, 321, 10.1016/j.mattod.2014.05.006 Dong, 2016, Flexible electrodes and supercapacitors for wearable energy storage: a review by category, J Mater Chem A Mater Energy Sustain, 4, 4659, 10.1039/C5TA10582J Liu, 2017, Flexible and stretchable energy storage: recent advances and future perspectives, Adv Mater, 29 Bai, 2010, A pH-sensitive graphene oxide composite hydrogel, Chem Commun, 46, 2376, 10.1039/c000051e Cui, 2016, A study of conductive hydrogel composites of pH-responsive microgels and carbon nanotubes, Soft Matter, 12, 4142, 10.1039/C6SM00223D Jiang, 2017, Preparation and characterization of hybrid double network chitosan/poly(acrylic amide-acrylic acid) high toughness hydrogel through Al3+crosslinking, Carbohydr Polym, 173, 701, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.003 Guo, 2013, Biodegradable and electrically conducting polymers for biomedical applications, Prog Polym Sci, 38, 1263, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.003 Guarino, 2013, Conductive PANi/PEGDA macroporous hydrogels for nerve regeneration, Adv Healthc Mater, 2, 218, 10.1002/adhm.201200152 Ding, 2014, Biologically derived Soft Conducting hydrogels using heparin-doped polymer networks, ACS Nano, 8, 4348, 10.1021/nn406019m Szunerits, 2016, Electrochemically triggered release of drugs, Eur Polym J, 83, 467, 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.03.001 Yang, 2014, In situ-forming injectable hydrogels for regenerative medicine, Prog Polym Sci, 39, 1973, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.07.006 Hoare, 2008, Hydrogels in drug delivery: progress and challenges, Polymer (Guildf), 49, 1993, 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.027 Hur, 2014, Polypyrrole/agarose-based electronically conductive and reversibly restorable hydrogel, ACS Nano, 8, 10066, 10.1021/nn502704g Alam, 2018, Polymer composite hydrogels containing carbon nanomaterials—morphology and mechanical and functional performance, Prog Polym Sci, 77, 1, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.09.001 Meng, 2013, All-graphene core-sheath microfibers for all-solid-state, stretchable fibriform supercapacitors and wearable electronic textiles, Adv Mater, 25, 2326, 10.1002/adma.201300132 Tai, 2015, A highly sensitive, low-cost, wearable pressure sensor based on conductive hydrogel spheres, Nanoscale, 7, 14766, 10.1039/C5NR03155A Wang, 2012, A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors, Chem Soc Rev, 41, 797, 10.1039/C1CS15060J Salanne, 2016, Efficient storage mechanisms for building better supercapacitors, Nat Energy, 1, 1 Winter, 2004, What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?, Chem Rev, 104, 4245, 10.1021/cr020730k Wang, 2016, Electrochemical capacitors: mechanism, materials, systems, characterization and applications, Chem Soc Rev, 45, 5925, 10.1039/C5CS00580A Chee, 2016, Flexible graphene-based supercapacitors: a review, J Phys Chem C, 120, 4153, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10187 Bruce, 2008, Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries, Angew Chemie – Int Ed, 47, 2930, 10.1002/anie.200702505 Armand, 2008, Building better batteries, Nature, 451, 652, 10.1038/451652a Tarascon, 2001, Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries, Nature, 414, 359, 10.1038/35104644 Whittingham, 2004, Lithium batteries and cathode materials, Chem Rev, 104, 4271, 10.1021/cr020731c Tee, 2018, Soft electronically functional polymeric composite materials for a flexible and stretchable digital future, Adv Mater, 10.1002/adma.201802560 Wang, 2018, Materials and structures toward Soft electronics, Adv Mater Wang, 2018, Controllable and reversible tuning of material rigidity for robot applications, Mater Today, 21, 563, 10.1016/j.mattod.2017.10.010 Zhu, 2018, Structural engineering of 2D nanomaterials for energy storage and catalysis, Adv Mater, 30, 1 Luan, 2013, Synthesis of a highly conductive and large surface area graphene oxide hydrogel and its use in a supercapacitor, J Mater Chem A Mater Energy Sustain, 1, 208, 10.1039/C2TA00444E Choudhury, 2009, Hydrogel-polymer electrolytes for electrochemical capacitors: an overview, Energy Environ Sci, 2, 55, 10.1039/B811217G Wu, 2014, Carbonaceous hydrogels and aerogels for supercapacitors, J Mater Chem A Mater Energy Sustain, 2, 4852, 10.1039/C3TA13929H Shi, 2016, Designing hierarchically nanostructured conductive polymer gels for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, Chem Mater, 28, 2466, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04879 Li, 2018, Stretchable all-gel-state fiber-shaped supercapacitors enabled by macromolecularly interconnected 3D graphene/nanostructured conductive polymer hydrogels, Adv Mater, 30 Kong, 2018, Muscle-inspired highly anisotropic, strong ion-conductive hydrogels, Adv Mater, 10.1002/adma.201801934 Shown, 2015, Conducting polymer-based flexible supercapacitor, Energy Sci Eng, 3, 1, 10.1002/ese3.50 Armelin, 2016, Current status and challenges of biohydrogels for applications as supercapacitors and secondary batteries, J Mater Chem A Mater Energy Sustain, 4, 8952, 10.1039/C6TA01846G Hao, 2014, Stretchable and semitransparent conductive hybrid hydrogels for flexible supercapacitors, ACS Nano, 8, 7138, 10.1021/nn502065u Gwon, 2014, Recent progress on flexible lithium rechargeable batteries, Energy Environ Sci, 7, 538, 10.1039/C3EE42927J Zhang, 2014, Flexible and stretchable lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors based on electrically conducting carbon nanotube fiber springs, Angew Chemie - Int Ed, 53, 14564, 10.1002/anie.201409366 Liu, 2015, Flexible lithium-oxygen battery based on a recoverable cathode, Nat Commun, 6, 1 Hu, 2014, Flexible rechargeable lithium ion batteries: advances and challenges in materials and process technologies, J Mater Chem A Mater Energy Sustain, 2, 10712, 10.1039/C4TA00716F Shi, 2014, Nanostructured conductive polypyrrole hydrogels as high-performance, flexible supercapacitor electrodes, J Mater Chem A Mater Energy Sustain, 2, 6086, 10.1039/C4TA00484A Guo, 2015, Self-crosslinked polyaniline hydrogel electrodes for electrochemical energy storage, Carbon N Y, 92, 133, 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.03.062 Shi, 2015, Nanostructured conducting polymer hydrogels for energy storage applications, Nanoscale, 7, 12796, 10.1039/C5NR03403E Yao, 2017, Ultrahigh-conductivity polymer hydrogels with arbitrary structures, Adv Mater, 29, 1, 10.1002/adma.201700974 Kishi, 2012, Electro-conductive double-network hydrogels, J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 50, 790, 10.1002/polb.23066 Javadi, 2018, Conductive tough hydrogel for bioapplications, Macromol Biosci, 18, 1, 10.1002/mabi.201700270 Shen, 2012, Mechanical, thermal and swelling properties of poly(acrylic acid)–graphene oxide composite hydrogels, Soft Matter, 8, 1831, 10.1039/C1SM06970E Gao, 2013, Mussel-inspired synthesis of polydopamine-functionalized graphene hydrogel as reusable adsorbents for water purification, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 5, 425, 10.1021/am302500v Ahn, 2014, Highly conductive and flexible silver nanowire-based microelectrodes on biocompatible hydrogel, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 6, 18401, 10.1021/am504462f Kim, 2016, Design of a sectionalized MnO 2 -Co 3 O 4 electrode via selective electrodeposition of metal ions in hydrogel for enhanced electrocatalytic activity in metal-air batteries, Nano Energy, 30, 130, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.10.003 Bai, 2016, Si@SiOx/graphene hydrogel composite anode for lithium-ion battery, J Power Sources, 306, 42, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.102 Jiang, 2017, Mussel-inspired dopamine and carbon nanotube leading to a biocompatible self-rolling conductive hydrogel film, Materials (Basel), 10, 1 Wu, 2015, Fabrication of conductive polyaniline hydrogel using porogen leaching and projection microstereolithography, J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med, 3, 5352, 10.1039/C5TB00629E Zhao, 2017, Highly flexible and conductive cellulose-mediated PEDOT:PSS/MWCNT composite films for supercapacitor electrodes, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 9, 13213, 10.1021/acsami.7b01852 Hu, 2014, Graphene-polymer nanocomposites for structural and functional applications, Prog Polym Sci, 39, 1934, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.03.001 Dreyer, 2010, Graphite oxide, Chem Soc Rev, 39, 228, 10.1039/B917103G De Volder, 2013, Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications, Science (80-), 339, 535, 10.1126/science.1222453 Alzari, 2011, Graphene-containing thermoresponsive nanocomposite hydrogels of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) prepared by frontal polymerization, J Mater Chem, 21, 8727, 10.1039/c1jm11076d Han, 2017, A mussel-inspired conductive, self-adhesive, and self-healable tough hydrogel as cell stimulators and implantable bioelectronics, Small, 13, 10.1002/smll.201601916 Li, 2017, Dual physically crosslinked double network hydrogels with high toughness and self-healing properties, Soft Matter, 13, 911, 10.1039/C6SM02567F Nakayama, 2004, High mechanical strength double-network hydrogel with bacterial cellulose, Adv Funct Mater, 14, 1124, 10.1002/adfm.200305197 Pissis, 1997, Electrical conductivity studies in hydrogels, Solid State Ion, 105, 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00074-X Brahim, 2005, Electroconductive hydrogels: electrical and electrochemical properties of polypyrrole-poly(HEMA) composites, Electroanalysis, 17, 556, 10.1002/elan.200403109 Runge, 2010, Development of electrically conductive oligo(polyethylene glycol) fumarate-polypyrrole hydrogels for nerve regeneration, Biomacromolecules, 11, 2845, 10.1021/bm100526a Zhang, 2013, One-pot self-assembled three-dimensional TiO 2 -Graphene hydrogel with improved adsorption capacities and photocatalytic and electrochemical activities, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 5, 2227, 10.1021/am303299r Pan, 2012, Hierarchical nanostructured conducting polymer hydrogel with high electrochemical activity, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109, 9287, 10.1073/pnas.1202636109 MacDiarmid, 1993, Towards optimization of electrical and mechanical properties of polyaniline: Is crosslinking between chains the key?, Synth Met, 55, 753, 10.1016/0379-6779(93)90147-O Wang, 2015, Dopant-enabled supramolecular approach for controlled synthesis of nanostructured conductive polymer hydrogels, Nano Lett, 15, 7736, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03891 Xu, 2010, Self-assembled graphene hydrogel via a one-step hydrothermal process, ACS Nano, 4, 4324, 10.1021/nn101187z Li, 2012, Au/graphene hydrogel: synthesis, characterization and its use for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol, J Mater Chem, 22, 8426, 10.1039/c2jm16386a Cong, 2012, Macroscopic multifunctional graphene-based hydrogels and aerogels by a metal ion induced self-assembly process, ACS Nano, 6, 2693, 10.1021/nn300082k Rahaman, 2017, A new insight in determining the percolation threshold of electrical conductivity for extrinsically conducting polymer composites through different sigmoidal models, Polymers (Basel), 9, 1 Sandler, 2003, Ultra-low electrical percolation threshold in carbon-nanotube-epoxy composites, Polymer (Guildf), 44, 5893, 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00539-1 Essam, 1980, Percolation theory, Rep Prog Phys, 43, 833, 10.1088/0034-4885/43/7/001 Last, 1971, Percolation theory and electrical conductivity, Phys Rev Lett, 27, 1719, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.27.1719 Wang, 2017, Mechanical reinforcement of gelatin hydrogel with nanofiber cellulose as a function of percolation concentration, Int J Biol Macromol, 103, 226, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.027 Wiegand, 2016, Multifunctional interphases: percolation behavior, interphase modification, and electro-mechanical response of carbon nanotubes in glass Fiber polypropylene composites, Adv Eng Mater, 18, 376, 10.1002/adem.201500447 Grunlan, 2004, Water-based single-walled-nanotube-filled polymer composite with an exceptionally low percolation threshold, Adv Mater, 16, 150, 10.1002/adma.200305409 Feng, 2014, Role of block copolymer morphology on particle percolation of polymer nanocomposites, Soft Matter, 10, 8236, 10.1039/C4SM01119H Katunin, 2016, Analysis of critical percolation clusters of mixtures of conducting and dielectric polymers, J Appl Math Comput Mech, 15, 59, 10.17512/jamcm.2016.1.06 Chodak, 1999, “Percolation effect” and mechanical behavior of carbon black filled polyethylene, J Mater Sci Lett, 18, 1457, 10.1023/A:1006665527806 Adewunmi, 2016, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposite hydrogels developed for various applications: a critical review, J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater, 26, 717, 10.1007/s10904-016-0379-6 Meschi Amoli, 2015, Recent progresses on hybrid micro–nano filler systems for electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) applications, J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 26, 4730, 10.1007/s10854-015-3016-1 Aktaş, 2010, Critical exponents of gelation and conductivity in polyacrylamide gels doped by multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Compos Interfaces, 17, 301, 10.1163/092764410X495243 Chen, 2015, Mechanical reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites from percolation of a nanoparticle network, ACS Macro Lett, 4, 398, 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00002 Liu, 2016, Electrical, mechanical, and capacity percolation leads to high-performance MoS2/nanotube composite lithium ion battery electrodes, ACS Nano, 10, 5980, 10.1021/acsnano.6b01505 Higgins, 2014, Effect of percolation on the capacitance of supercapacitor electrodes prepared from composites of manganese dioxide nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes, ACS Nano, 8, 9567, 10.1021/nn5038543 Hall, 2010, Energy storage in electrochemical capacitors: designing functional materials to improve performance, Energy Environ Sci, 3, 1238, 10.1039/c0ee00004c Conway, 1991, Transition from “supercapacitor” to “battery” behavior in electrochemical energy storage, J Electrochem Soc, 138, 1539, 10.1149/1.2085829 Liu, 2013, Flexible supercapacitor sheets based on hybrid nanocomposite materials, Nano Energy, 2, 133, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.08.007 Yang, 2013, A highly stretchable, fiber-shaped supercapacitor, Angew Chemie Int Ed, 52, 13453, 10.1002/anie.201307619 Yu, 2009, Stretchable supercapacitors based on buckled single-walled carbon nanotube macrofilms, Adv Mater, 21, 4793, 10.1002/adma.200901775 Ghosh, 2015, Hydrothermal growth of hierarchical Ni3S2and Co3S4on a reduced graphene oxide hydrogel@Ni foam: a high-energy-density aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 7, 1122, 10.1021/am506738y Hu, 2010, Stretchable, porous, and conductive energy textiles, Nano Lett, 10, 708, 10.1021/nl903949m Zeng, 2015, Electrochemical fabrication of carbon nanotube/polyaniline hydrogel film for all-solid-state flexible supercapacitor with high areal capacitance, J Mater Chem A Mater Energy Sustain, 3, 23864, 10.1039/C5TA05937B Li, 2017, Enhancing the properties of conductive polymer hydrogels by freeze-thaw cycles for high-performance flexible supercapacitors, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 9, 20142, 10.1021/acsami.7b05963 Wang, 2015, Chemically crosslinked hydrogel film leads to integrated flexible supercapacitors with superior performance, Adv Mater, 27, 7451, 10.1002/adma.201503543 Zhang, 2011, Preparation of highly conductive graphene hydrogels for fabricating supercapacitors with high rate capability, J Phys Chem C, 115, 17206, 10.1021/jp204036a Wu, 2015, Facile synthesis of 3D graphene Hydrogel/Carbon nanofibers composites for supercapacitor electrode, ECS Solid State Lett, 4, M23, 10.1149/2.0031512ssl Xu, 2013, Functionalized graphene hydrogel-based high-performance supercapacitors, Adv Mater, 25, 5779, 10.1002/adma.201301928 Xu, 2013, Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on three-dimensional graphene hydrogel films, ACS Nano, 7, 4042, 10.1021/nn4000836 Chen, 2013, Hydrothermal synthesis of macroscopic nitrogen-doped graphene hydrogels for ultrafast supercapacitor, Nano Energy, 2, 249, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.09.003 Wang, 2016, High-rate and high-volumetric capacitance of compact graphene-polyaniline hydrogel electrodes, Adv Energy Mater, 6 Mao, 2016, 3D graphene-nickel hydroxide hydrogel electrode for high-performance supercapacitor, Electrochim Acta, 196, 653, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.084 Yang, 2015, Three-dimensional graphene hydrogel supported ultrafine RuO 2 nanoparticles for supercapacitor electrodes, New J Chem, 39, 4035, 10.1039/C5NJ00062A Zhang, 2014, Bifunctional reduced graphene oxide/V2O5 composite hydrogel: fabrication, high performance as electromagnetic wave absorbent and supercapacitor, ChemPhysChem, 15, 366, 10.1002/cphc.201300822 Pattananuwat, 2017, Controllable morphology of polypyrrole wrapped graphene hydrogel framework composites via cyclic voltammetry with aiding of poly (sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) for the flexible supercapacitor electrode, Electrochim Acta, 224, 149, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.036 Zhang, 2016, Three-dimensional pompon-like MnO 2 /Graphene hydrogel composite for supercapacitor, Electrochim Acta, 210, 804, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.004 Pattananuwat, 2016, One-step method to fabricate the highly porous layer of poly (pyrrole/ (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/) wrapped graphene hydrogel composite electrode for the flexibile supercapacitor, Mater Lett, 184, 60, 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.08.031 Xiang, 2016, Smart and flexible supercapacitor based on a porous carbon nanotube film and polyaniline hydrogel, RSC Adv, 6, 24946, 10.1039/C6RA00705H Ghosh, 1999, Conducting Polymer Hydrogels as 3D Electrodes: Applications for Supercapacitors, Adv Mater, 11, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199910)11:14<1214::AID-ADMA1214>3.0.CO;2-3 Li, 2016, Strong and robust polyaniline-based supramolecular hydrogels for flexible supercapacitors, Angew Chemie Int Ed, 55, 9196, 10.1002/anie.201603417 Huang, 2016, Nanostructured Polypyrrole as a flexible electrode material of supercapacitor, Nano Energy, 22, 422, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.02.047 Stephan, 2006, Review on gel polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries, Eur Polym J, 42, 21, 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.09.017 Xu, 2004, Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries, Chem Rev, 104, 4303, 10.1021/cr030203g Long, 2004, Three-dimensional battery architectures, Chem Rev, 104, 4463, 10.1021/cr020740l Palacín, 2009, Recent advances in rechargeable battery materials: a chemist’s perspective, Chem Soc Rev, 38, 2565, 10.1039/b820555h Novák, 1997, Electrochemically active polymers for rechargeable batteries, Chem Rev, 97, 207, 10.1021/cr941181o Cheng, 2011, Functional materials for rechargeable batteries, Adv Mater, 23, 1695, 10.1002/adma.201003587 Winter, 1998, Insertion electrode materials for rechargeable Lithium batteries, Adv Mater, 10, 725, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199807)10:10<725::AID-ADMA725>3.0.CO;2-Z Kiani, 2011, Synthesis of nano- and micro-particles of LiMn2O4: electrochemical investigation and assessment as a cathode in li battery, Int J Electrochem Sci, 6, 2581, 10.1016/S1452-3981(23)18204-6 Goodenough, 2010, Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries, Chem Mater, 22, 587, 10.1021/cm901452z Zhou, 2014, Progress in flexible lithium batteries and future prospects, Energy Environ Sci, 7, 1307, 10.1039/C3EE43182G Cheng, 2017, Graphene oxide hydrogel as a restricted-area nanoreactor for synthesis of 3D graphene-supported ultrafine TiO 2 nanorod nanocomposites for high-rate lithium-ion battery anodes, Nanotechnology, 28, 10.1088/1361-6528/aa77c6 Nishide, 2008, MATERIALS SCIENCE: toward flexible batteries, Science (80-), 319, 737, 10.1126/science.1151831 Wu, 2013, Stable Li-ion battery anodes by in-situ polymerization of conducting hydrogel to conformally coat silicon nanoparticles, Nat Commun, 4, 1943, 10.1038/ncomms2941 Liu, 2013, Three-dimensional hierarchical ternary nanostructures for high-performance Li-ion battery anodes, Nano Lett, 13, 3414, 10.1021/nl401880v Zhang, 2014, Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxides hydrogel anchored with ultrafine CoO nanoparticles as anode for Lithium ion batteries, Electrochim Acta, 129, 425, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.097 Liu, 2014, A high-performance alginate hydrogel binder for the Si/C anode of a Li-ion battery, Chem Commun (Camb), 50, 6386, 10.1039/c4cc00081a Chen, 2014, A three-dimensionally interconnected carbon nanotube-conducting polymer hydrogel network for high-performance flexible battery electrodes, Adv Energy Mater, 4, 1, 10.1002/aenm.201400207 Zhou, 2016, Poly(ionic liquid) hydrogels exhibiting superior mechanical and electrochemical properties as flexible electrolytes, J Mater Chem A Mater Energy Sustain, 4, 1112, 10.1039/C5TA08166A Lyu, 2017, Supramolecular hydrogel directed self-assembly of C- and N-doped hollow CuO as high-performance anode materials for Li-ion batteries, Chem Commun (Camb), 53, 2138, 10.1039/C6CC09702B