Electrical Activation of Artificial Muscles Containing Polyacrylonitrile Gel Fibers

Otero T. F., 1992, J. Electroanal. Chem., 341, 375, 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80495-P

Pei Q., 1992, Adv. Mater., 4, 278, 10.1002/adma.19920040407

Kaneto K., 1995, Synth. Met., 71, 2212, 10.1016/0379-6779(94)03226-V

Smela E., 1995, Science, 268, 1738, 10.1126/science.268.5218.1735

Santa A. D., 1997, Synth. Met., 90, 100

Smela E., 1999, Adv. Mater., 11, 957, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199908)11:11<957::AID-ADMA957>3.0.CO;2-1

Smela E., 1999, J. Microelectromech. Syst., 8, 383, 10.1109/84.809051

Osada Y., 1985, Chem. Lett., 1285, 1288

DeRossi D. E., 1986, Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs, 32, 163

Grimshaw P. E., 1990, J. Chem. Phys., 93, 4472, 10.1063/1.458729

Shiga T., 1990, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 39, 2320, 10.1002/app.1990.070391110

Doi M., 1992, Macromolecules, 25, 5511

Osada Y., 1992, Nature, 355, 244, 10.1038/355242a0

Shahinpoor M., 1992, Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J., 1, 94, 10.1088/0964-1726/1/1/014

Herbert I. R., 1993, Part B:  Polym. Phys

Shahinpoor M., 1916, Proceedings of the 1993 SPIE Conference on Smart Structures and Materials; Albuquerque, NM, 50

Shiga T., 1993, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 47, 119, 10.1002/app.1993.070470114

Hirai T., 1994, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 53, 84, 10.1002/app.1994.070530109

Hirai M., 1995, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 91, 477

Bohon K., 1998, Part B:  Polym. Phys

Rosen O., 1998, Langmuir, 14, 782

Umemoto, S.; Okui, N.; Sakai, T. InPolymer Gels; DeRossi, D., et al., Eds.; Plenum Press:  New York, 1991; pp 257−270.

Vasiliu-Oprea C., 1999, Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng., 38, 620, 10.1080/03602559909351603

Xue T., 1997, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 58, 202

Surianarayanan M., 1998, Part A:  Polym. Chem

Kikuma J., 1998, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 94, 278, 10.1016/S0368-2048(98)00196-0

Ogawa H., 1995, Carbon, 33, 788, 10.1016/0008-6223(95)00007-Z

Hu X., 1995, J. Text. Inst., 86, 331

Chatterjee N., 1995, Part B:  Polym. Phys

Hu X., 1996, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 62, 1932

Rizzo P., 1996, Macromolecules, 29, 1832

Bashir Z., 1996, Acta Polym., 47, 129, 10.1002/actp.1996.010470210

Pospisil J., 1998, Eur. Polym. J., 34, 904

Sawai D., 1999, Macromolecules, 32, 5630, 10.1021/ma990334c

Dalton S., 1999, Polymer, 40, 5543, 10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00778-2

Shahinpoor M., Proceedings of the 1997 SPIE Conference on Smart Materials Technologies; San Diego, CA

Kuhn W., 1950, Nature, 165, 516, 10.1038/165514a0

Hamlen R., 1965, Nature, 206, 1150, 10.1038/2061149b0

Shahinpoor M., 1993, Oct.

American Society for Testing and Materials., 1997, PA, 1997;, 03, 226

Van Vlack, L.Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th ed.; Addison-Wesley:  Reading, MA, 1987; pp 612−613.

Berne R., 1997, Cardiovascular Physiology, 7

Julian, F.; Sollins, M. Regulation of Force and Speed of Shortening in Muscle Contraction.The Mechanism of Muscle Contraction; 37th Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1973; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory:  Cold Spring Harbor, 1973; pp 635−646.