Eggs, larvae, and young of the white perch,Roccus americanus, with comments on its ecology in the estuary

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - 1964
Romeo J. Mansueti1
1Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons

Tóm tắt

Eggs and larvae were reared in fresh water after stripping and fertilizing ripe ova from known brood fish found spawning in April and May in tidal fresh water. The early developmental stages and transforming postlarvae and very young fish were also identified in ichthyoplankton taken in tidal fresh and slightly brackish water up to 8%. salinity. The eggs are spherical (except for those with an attachment disk), markedly adhesive, transparent to translucent, relatively small, demersal, and undergo meroblastic cleavage. Average diameters and ranges were: (a) unfertilized egg, 0.79 mm (0.70–0.89); (b) fertilized and water-hardened egg, 0.92 mm (0.75–1.09); (c) yolk mass, 0.70 mm (0.50–0.89); and (d) oil globule 0.32 (0.20–0.44). Nothing unusual was observed in the embryonic development of white perch eggs. Prolarvae hatch in about 48 hours at a water temperature of about 63 F. They averaged 2.6 mm (range, 1.7–3.0) total length (T.L.), and are transparent and relatively undeveloped, lack a mouth opening, have non-pigmented eyes, and display a greatly enlarged yolk sac and oil globule beneath the head. Early postlarvae occur when the yolk and oil globule are absorbed at about 3.8 mm T.L., at which size a visibly toothless mouth is developed, and the eyes become pigmented. Sparse pigmentation occurs on the head, oil globule, posterior yolk sac, and edges of the dorsum, ventrum, and hind-gut. All larvae hatched in the laboratory died at a size between 4.0 and 5.5 mm T.L. before transformation took place. Transforming postlarvae at the critical stage between 6.0 and 8.0 mm T.L. have not been reared in the laboratory or identified in the plankton. Late-stage postlarvae, identified from plankton samples, transform to very young fish between 7.0 and 9.0 mm T.L. The heterocercal tail with projecting urostyle assumes a homocercal outline and lepidotrichia are evident in the fins between 10 and 12 mm T.L. Preanal (12) and postanal (13) myotomes correspond to the adult number of vertebrae. As metamorphosis proceeds, the fish become less transparent, pigmentation is more profuse, and they assume an early serranid shape. Very young fish are relatively short, with a deep caudal peduncle, and usually lack preopercular spines. The third anal spine develops from the first terminally-segmented softray between 20 and 30 mm T.L.; at smaller sizes they possess two anal spines and can be misidentified as a percid fish. Squamation begins between 20 and 25 mm T.L. after which size most of the adult meristic numbers are attained The profuse but uniform dorsolateral pigmentation is developed at this size interval. The early stages of white perch were compared critically with those of the striped bass, which is larger at similar stages of development. Important differences in the eggs, prolarvae, postlarvae, and very young fish were found between them. Further data is given that will allow separation of these two species from the early developmental stages of other species that may occur in ichthyoplankton samples collected in the upper estuaries of the Chesapeake system. A historical review of sporadic large-scale artificial propagation and stocking of yolk-sac fry of white perch from 1875 to 1936, largely in northern Chesapeake Bay, suggested that no perceptible benefits took place in the commercial catches three to six years later when they would have become 6 to 8 inches long and exploitable.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abbott, C. C. 1885. A naturalist’s rambles about homeD. Appleton & Co. N. Y. 485 pp.

Ahlstrom, E. H., andO. P. Ball. 1954. Description of eggs and larvae of jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) and distribution and abundance of larvae in 1950 and 1951.U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 56(97):209–45, 28 figs.

Auclair, R. P. 1956. The white perch,Morone americana (Gmelin), Sebasticook Lake, Maine.Unpub. M. S. Thesis, Univ. Maine, Orono, Fed. Aid. Fish. Proj. F-8-R:1–60, 7 figs. (mimeo.).

Bailey, R. M., andW. A. Gosline. 1955. Variation and systematic significance of vertebral counts in the American fishes of the Family Percidae.Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. Misc. Pub. (93):1–44, 4 figs.

Baird, S. F.. 1884. Report of the Commisioner of Fish and Fisheres, 1882.In Rept…. (10):i +xcii.

Baker, B. N., W. B. Clark, and E. Hirsch. 1909. Report of the Conservation Commission of Maryland for 1908–1909.Balto. 204 pp. 13 pls. 13 figs.

Balon, E. 1959. Spawning ofLepomis gibbosus (Linne 1758) acclimatized in the back waters of the Danube and its development during the embryonic period.Zeit. f. Fischerei u. d. Hilfswiss.8(N.F. 1–3):1–27, 22 figs. (In German, English summary); also Vest. Cesk. Spol. Zool. 23(1):1–22, 17 figs. (In Czechoslovakian; English summary; Biol. Abstr. 36(1): Abstr. No. 1663; and Sport Fish. Abstr. 6(2): Abstr. No. 4175).

Bean, T. H. 1884. List of the fishes distributed by the United States Fish Commission.Rept. U. S. Fish Comm. 1882. (10):1039–44.

— 1892. The fishes of Pennsylvania, with descriptions of the species and notes on their common names, distribution, habits, reproduction, rate of growth, and mode of capture.Rept. Penn. Comm. Fish. 1889-91.viii +149, 35 pls. (75 figs.).

— 1903. Catalogue of the fishes of New York.N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 60 (Zool. 9):1–784.

Bigelow, H. B., andW. W. Welsh 1925. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine.U. S. Bur. Fish. Bull. 40 (pt. 1):1–567, 278 figs.

— andW. C. Schroeder 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine.U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 53(74):vii +577, 284 figs.

Bishop, S. C. 1920. A case of hermaphroditism in the white perch,Morone americana (Gmelin)Copeia (80):20–1.

Blaxter, J. H. S. 1957. Herring rearing. III. The effect of temperature and other factors on myotome counts.Scottish Home Dept. Mar. Research 1957(1):1–16.5 figs.

Bowers, G. M. 1910. The distribution of fish and fish eggs during the fiscal year 1909.U. S. Bur. Fish. Doc. (728):1–103.

— 1913. —Ibid.. —Ibid. (770):1–108.

Breder, C. M. Jr. 1936. The reproductive habits of the North American sunfishes (Family Centrarchidae).Zoologica 21(pt. 1):1–48, 7 pls. 6 figs.

— andA. C. Redmond 1929. The bluespotted sunfish; a contribution to the life history and habits ofEnneacanthus with notes on other Lepominae.-—Ibid.9(10):379–401, 10 figs.

Brice, J. J. 1898. The striped bass and the white perch.In A manual of fish culture.Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish & Fish. 1897. (23):185–6.

Brown, Margaret E. 1957. Experimental studies on growth.In The physiology of fishes. Volume I-Metabolism. Edit. by M. E. Brown.Academic Press, Inc. N.Y. 1:361–400, 5 figs.

Calhoun, A. J. 1953. Distribution of striped bass fry in relation to major water diversions.Calif. Fish & Game. 39(3):279–99, 10 figs.

Carr, Marjorie H. 1942. The breeding habits, embryology and larval development of the largemouthed black bass in Florida.Proc. New England Zool. Club. 20:43–77, 6 pls. (38 figs.).

Cooper, G. P. 1939. A biological survey of 31 lakes and ponds of the upper Saco River and Sebago Lake drainage systems in Maine.Maine Dept. Inland Fish & Game, Fish Surv. Rept. (2):1–147, 14 pls. 27 figs. 1 map.

Cope, E. D. 1883. The fisheries [fishes] of Pennsylvania.Rept. Penn. Fish Comm. 1881–82:103–94, 19 figs.

DeKay, J. E. 1842. Fishes.In Zoology of New-York or the New-York fauna;W. A. White & J. Visscher, Albany, Pt. 4:xvi +415, 79 pls. (250 figs.).

Dence, W. A. 1952. Establishment of white perch,Morone americana, in central New York.Copeia (3):200–1.

de Sylva, D. P., F. A. Kalber, Jr. andC. N. Shuster, Jr. 1962. Fishes and ecological conditions in the shore zone of the Delaware River estuary, with notes on other species collected in deeper water.Univ. Del. Mar. Lab. Inf. Ser. Publ. (5):ii +164, 41 figs.

Erkkila, L. F., J. W. Moffett, O. B. Cope, B. R. Smith, andR. S. Nielson 1950. Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta fishery resources; effects of Tracy Pumping Plant and Delta Cross Channel.U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rept. Fish. (56):1–109, 12 figs.

Ferguson, T. B., andP. W. Downes. 1876. Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of Maryland, January, 1876.J. F. Wiley, Print. Annapolis. In [1st] rept…. 1876:1–60, 6 figs.

Fish, Marie P.. 1932. Contributions to the early life histories of sixty-two species of fishes from Lake Erie and its tributary waters.U. S. Bur. Fish. Bull. 47(10):293–398, 144 figs.

Foster, F. J. 1919. White perch notes and methods of propagation.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 48(3):160–5.

Frey, D. G. 1951. The fishes of North Carolina’s bay lakes and their intraspecific variation.J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 67(1):1–44, 2 figs.

Greely, J. R.. 1937. Fishes of the area with annotated list.In A biological survey of the lower Hudson River.Suppl. 26th Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Conserv. Dept. 1936: 44–123, 4 pls. 10 figs.

Greely, J. R. 1939. The freshwater fishes of Long Island and States Island with annotated list.In A biological survey of the fresh waters of Long Island.Suppl. 28th Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Conserv. Dept. 1938:29–44.

Harmic, J. L. 1952. Fresh water fisheries survey.Del. Brd. Game & Fish. Comm. Fish. Pub. (1):iv +154, many unnumbered figs. & maps.

Hildebrand, S. F., andW. C. Schroeder.1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay.U. S. Bur. Fish. Bull. 43(pt. 1):1–366, 211 figs.

Howarth, J. N. 1961. Sampling for young-of-the-year fishes with a 50-foot bag seine and surface trawl.In The Susquehanna Fishery Study, 1957–1960; a report of a study on the desirability and feasibility of passing fish at Conowingo Dam.Md. Dept. Research & Educ. Contrib. (169):43–9, 5 figs.

Hubbs, C. L. 1943. Terminology of early stages of fishes.Copeia (4):260.

— andR. M. Bailey 1938. The smallmouthed bass.Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull. (10):1–89, 9 pls. 5 figs.

— andK. F. Lagler 1958 Fishes of the Great Lakes Region. Revised Edit.-—Ibid. (25):xi +213, 44 pls. 251 figs.

Hughlett, T. 1882. Report of a Commissioner of Fisheries of Maryland, January, 1882.Annapolis, 32 pp.

Johnson, H. H. 1932. The problem of selffertilization in teratologically hermaphroditic fishes.Copeia (1):21–6.

Kryzanovskij, S. G., N. N. Disler, andE. N. Smirnova 1953. Ecologico-morphological principles in the development of percoid fishes (Percoidei).Trudy Inst. Morf. Zivotnych A. N. Severtsova. (10):3–138, 38 figs. (In Russian).

Larsen, A. 1954. First, record of the white perch (Morone americana) in Lake Erie.Copeia (2):154.

Leim, A. H. 1924. The life history of the shad,Alosa sapidissíma (Wilson), with special reference to the factors limiting its abundance.Contrib. Canad. Biol. N.S. 2(11):163–284, 45 figs.

Livingstone, D. A. 1953. The fresh-water fishes of Nova Scotia.Proc. Nova Scot. Inst. Sci. 23(1):1–80, 36 figs.

Mansueti, R. J. 1954A. A partial bibliography of fish eggs, larvae and juveniles, with particular reference to migratory and estuarine species of the Atlantic Coast and supplemented by a check list and references to the early development of the fishes and fish-like chordates of Maryland waters.Md. Dept. Research & Educ. Chesapeake Biol. Lab. 55 pp. (mimeo.).

— 1954B. Aid to study of fish eggs and young completed.Md. Tidewater News 11(7):1, 4, 1 fig.

— 1995. Early developmental stages of yellow perch studies.-—Ibid.11(1):1, 2, 4, 4 figs.

— 1956. Problems associated with rearing estuarine fish larvae to a juvenile stage under laboratory conditions.Md. Dept. Research & Educ. Chesapeake Biol. Lab Ref. No.56–15:1–5. (mimeo.).

— 1958A. Eggs, larvae, and young of the striped bass,Roccus saxatilis.-—Ibid.. (112):1–36, 2 pls. 50 figs.

— 1958B. The development of anal spines and soft-rays in young striped bass,Roccus saxatilis.-—Ibid. (113):1–12, 4 figs.

— 1958C. The hickory shad unmasked.Nature Mag. 51(7):351–4, 386, 4 figs.

— 1958D. New publication describes how young striped bass or “rock” were reared successfully in Laboratory.Md. Tidewater News, 14(6):23, 3 figs.

— 1961A. Movements, reproduction, and mortality of the white perch,Roccus americanus, in the Patuxent Estuary, Maryland.Chesapeake Sci. 2(3–4):142–205, 20 figs.

Mansueti, R. J. 1962A. Effects of civilization on striped bass and other estuarine biota in Chesapeake Bay and tributaries.Proc. Gulf & Carib. Fish. Inst. 14th Ann. Sess.: 110–136, 5 figs.

— 1962B. Eggs, larvae, and young of the hickory shad,Alosa mediocris, with comments on its ecology in the estuary.-———Ibid.3(3):173–205, 12 figs.

— andE. H. Hollis 1963. Striped bass in Maryland tidewater. Natural Resources Inst. Univ. Md. Educ. Ser. (61):1–23, 5 figs.

— andH. Kolb 1953. A historical review of the shad fisheries of North America.Md. Dept. Research & Educ. Chesapeake Biol. Lab. Contrib. (97):vi +293, 1 pl. 33 figs.

— andAlice J. Mansueti. 1955., White perch eggs and larvae studied in Lab.Md. Tidewater News. (12(7):1, 2–3, 4 figs.

— andR. S. Scheltema. 1953. Summary of fish collections made in the Chesapeake Bay area of Maryland and Virginia during October, 1953.Md. Dept. Research & Educ. Chesapeake Biol. Lab. Field Summ. (1):1–25, (mimeo.).

Massmann, W. H. 1952. Characteristics of spawning areas of shad,Alosa sapidissima (Wilson), in some Virginia streams.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 81:78–93, 4 figs.

—,E. C. Ladd, andH. N. McCutcheon. 1952A. A surface trawl for sampling young fishes in tidal rivers.Trans. 17th N. Am. Wildl. Conf.1952:386–92, 3 figs.

———. 1952B. A biological survey of the rappahannock River Virgina.Virginia Fish. Lab. Spec. Sci. Rept. (6 [pt. 1]):xi +112, 23 figs. map.

———. 1954. Postlarvae and young of the menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in brackish and fresh waters of Virginia.Copeia (1):19–23, 1 fig.

—,E. B. Joseph, andJ. J. Norcross. 1962. Fishes and fish larvae collected from Atlantic plankton cruises ofR. V. Pathfinder, March 1961–March 1962.Virginia Inst. Mar. Sci. Spec. Sci. Rept. (33):3 [+17].

Maryland Tidewater News. 1953. White perch studies.10(1):3–4.

Mather, F. 1909. Modern fishculture in fresh and salt water.Forest & Stream Pub. Co. N.Y. 333 pp. many unnumbered ill.

Meehan, W. E. 1913. Fish culture in ponds and other inland waters.Sturgis & Walton Co. N.Y. vi +287, 22 figs.

Merriman, D. 1941. Studies on the striped bass (Roccus saxatilis) of the Atlantic Coast.U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 50(35):1–77, 36 figs.

Milner, J. W. 1874. The progress of fish-culture in the United States.In The history of fishculture.Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish & Fish. 1872 & 1873, (2):523–66.

mohrhardt, D. E. 1961. Sampling for eggs and larval fishes with plankton nets.In The Susquehanna Fishery Study, 1957–1960; a report of a study on the desirability and feasibility of passing fish at Conowingo Dam.Md. Dept. Research & Educ. Contrib. (169):50–5, 7 figs.

Morgan, G. D.. 1951. The life history of the bluegill sunfish,Lepomis macrochirus, of Buckeye Lake, Ohio.J. Sci. Labs. Denison Univ. 42:21–59, 2 pls. 7 figs.

— 1954. The life history of the white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) of Buckeye Lake, Ohio.-—Ibid. 43:113–44, 12 figs.

Muncy, R. J.. 1959. Evaluation of the yellow perch hatchery program in Maryland.Md. Dept. Research & Educ. Chesapeake Biol. Lab. Resource Stud. Rept. (15):1–13, 5 figs.

Nichols, J. T. andC. M. Breder, Jr. 1927. The marine fishes of New York and southern New England.Zoologica 9(1):1–192, 262 figs.

Norris, T. 1865. The American angler's book; embracing the natural history of sporting fish …and directions for fish breeding…New Edit. with supplement.E.H. Butler & Co. Phila. 701 pp. 80 figs.

Noren, C. R.. 1961. The identification of larval yellow perch,Perca flavescens, and walleye,Stizostedion vitreum.Copeia (3):282–8, 5 figs.

Radcliffe, L. andW. W. Welsh. 1916. A list of the fishes of the Seneca Creek, Montgomery County, Maryland, region.Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 29:39–46.

—— and-—. 1917. Notes on a collection of fishes from the head of Chesapeake Bay.-—Ibid. 30:35–42.

Rathjen, W. F. andL. C. Miller. 1957. Aspects of the early life history of the striped bass (Roccus saxatilis) in the Hudson River.N. Y. Fish & Game J. 4(1):43–60, 7 figs.

Raney, E. C.. 1952. The life history of the striped bass,Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum).Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. 14(1):5–97.

— andW. H. Massmann. 1953. The fishes of the tidewater section of the Pamunkey River, Virginia.J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 43(12):424–32, 1 fig.

Reighard, J. 1890. The development of the walleyed pike.Ninth Bien. Rept. Mich. State Brd Fish Comm. 1888–1890;95–158, 10 pls (64 figs.).

— 1893A. The ripe eggs and the spermatozoa of the wall-eyed pike and their history until segmentation begins.-—Ibid. 1890–1892:89–166, 5 pls. (48 figs.).

— 1893B. Old and new suggestions concerning artificial fertilization with a method of handling adhesive eggs.-—Ibid.:pp.167–71.

— 1906. The breeding habits, development and propagation of the black bass (Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede andMicropterus salmoides Lacepede.Bull. Mich. Fish Comm. (7):1–73, 2 pls. (29 figs.), figs. A-K.

Richmond, N. D. 1940. Nesting of the sunfish,Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus), in tidal waters.Zoologica 25(pt. 3):329–30, 1 pl.

Ryder, J. A.. 1882. The micropyle of the egg of the white perch.Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1:282.

Ryder, J. A. 1883. Methods of handling white perch ova.In Observations on the absorption of the yolk, the food, feeding, and development of embryo fishes, comprising some investigations conducted at the central hatchery, Armory Building, Washington, D. C. in 1882.Ibid. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. 2: 179–205, 1 fig.

— 1884. A contribution to the embryography of osseus fishes, with special reference to the development of the cod. (Gadus morrhua).Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish & Fish. 1882, (10):455–606.12 pls (49 figs.) 1 fig.

— 1887. On the development of osseous fishes, including marine and fresh water forms.Rept. U. S. Fish. Comm. 1885, (13):489–604, 30 pls. (174 figs.).

Saila, S. B. andD. Horton. 1957. Fisheries investigations and management in Rhode Island lakes and ponds.Rhode Island Dept. Agric. & Conserv. Div. Fish & Game, Fish Pub. (3):1–134, Many unnumbered figs. & maps.

Snyder, J. P. 1919A. Fish culture in Maryland streams.Md. Conserv. Comm. Offic. Bull. (7):16–24.

—. 1919B. Report of fish hatcheries.-—Ibid. (8):6–25.

Stroud, R. H. 1955. Fisheries report for some Central, Eastern, and Western Massachusetts lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, 1951–1952.Mass. Div. Fish & Game, Bur. Wildl. Research & Mgt. ix+447, many unnumbered figs. & maps.

Tanner, Z. L. 1884. Report of the work of the United States Fish Commission SteamerFish Hawk for the year ending December 31, 1882, and on the construction of the SteamerAlbatross.Rept. U. S. Fish. Comm. 1882. (10):3–34, 3 pls.

Thoits, C. F. III. 1958. A compendium of the life history and ecology of the white perch,Morone americana (Gmelin).Mass. Div. Fish. & Game, Fish. Bull. (24):1–16. (mimeo.).

Mimeo, R. E.. 1955. Spawning areas of striped bass in Patuxent River explored.Md. Tidewater News, 12(6):1, 4.

— 1956. Operation “rockfish” on the Patuxent River slated for April.-Ibid., 12(11):1, 2.

Titcomb, J. W. 1905A. Report on the propagation and distribution of food fishes.Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish & Fish. 1903. (29):29–74.

— 1905B.-—Ibid..Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish & Fish. 1904. [30]:35–80.

— 1910. Fish-cultural practices in the United States Bureau of Fisheries.Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 28(pt. 2):699–757, 13 pls. 13 figs.

Townsend, C. H. 1939. Our heritage of the fresh waters.In The book of fishes.National Geog. Soc. Wash. D. C. pp. 95–145, 37 figs.

Tresselt, E. F. 1952. Spawning grounds of the striped bass.Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum), in Virginia.Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. 14(1):98–110, 1 fig.

Tressler, W. L. and R. Bere. 1937. A limnological study of some lakes in the lower Hudson area.In A biological survey of the lower Hudson River,Suppl. 26th Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Conserv. Dept. 1936:249–63, 3 figs.

Vladykov, V. D. andG. Beaulieu. 1958. Variations dans le Quebec de l'abondance annuelle des poissons originaires des Grands-Lacs.Naturaliste Canadien.85(6/7):149–56, 3 figs.

Webster, D. A.. 1942A. The life histories of some Connecticut fishes.In A fishery survey of important Connecticut Lakes.Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. (63):122–227, 60 figs.

— 1942B. Food progression in young white perch,Morone americana (Gmelin), from Bantam Lake, Connecticut.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 72:136–44, 3 figs.

Woolcott, W. S. 1957. Comparative osteology of serranid fishes of the genusRoccus (Mitchill).Copeia (1):1–10.figs.

— 1962. Infraspecific variation in the white perch,Roccus americanus (Gmelin).Chesapeake Sci. 3(2):94–113.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Thông tin tác giả