Efficacy of levetiracetam for migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Lipton, 2018, Migraine in America Symptoms and Treatment (MAST) study: baseline study methods, treatment patterns, and gender differences, Headache, 58, 1408, 10.1111/head.13407 Stovner, 2018, Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Lancet Neurol, 17, 954, 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30322-3 Burch, 2018, The prevalence and impact of migraine and severe headache in the United States: figures and trends from government health studies, Headache, 58, 496, 10.1111/head.13281 Montazerlotfelahi, 2019, Levetiracetam for prophylactic treatment of pediatric migraine: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Cephalalgia, 39, 1509-1517, 10.1177/0333102419851814 Goadsby, 2017, Pathophysiology of migraine: a disorder of sensory processing, Physiol Rev, 97, 553, 10.1152/physrev.00034.2015 Aurora, 2017, Chronic migraine: an update on physiology, imaging, and the mechanism of action of two available pharmacologic therapies, Headache, 57, 109, 10.1111/head.12999 Costa, 2013, Cortical spreading depression as a target for anti-migraine agents, J Headache Pain, 14, 62, 10.1186/1129-2377-14-62 Marmura, 2014, Safety of topiramate for treating migraines, Expert Opin Drug Saf, 13, 1241, 10.1517/14740338.2014.934669 Stadelmaier, 2017, Exposure to sodium valproate during pregnancy: facial features and signs of autism, Birth Defects Res, 109, 1134, 10.1002/bdr2.1052 Verma, 2013, Levetiracetam in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized placebo-controlled study in a rural medical institute in northern India, Clin Neuropharmacol, 36, 193, 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000005 Krymchantowski, 2002, New and emerging prophylactic agents for migraine, CNS Drugs, 16, 611, 10.2165/00023210-200216090-00003 Bigal, 2004, Prophylactic migraine therapy: emerging treatment options, Curr Pain Headache Rep, 8, 178, 10.1007/s11916-004-0049-1 Capuano, 2004, Antiepileptic drugs in migraine prophylaxis: state of the art, Clin Ter, 155, 79 Kaniecki, 2008, Neuromodulators for migraine prevention, Headache, 48, 586, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.01040.x Martella, 2008, Antiepileptic drugs on calcium currents recorded from cortical and PAG neurons: therapeutic implications for migraine, Cephalalgia, 28, 1315, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01682.x Linde, 2013, Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Cd010611 Eiland, 2007, Pediatric migraine: pharmacologic agents for prophylaxis, Ann Pharmacother, 41, 1181, 10.1345/aph.1K049 Bakola, 2009, Anticonvulsant drugs for pediatric migraine prevention: an evidence-based review, Eur J Pain, 13, 893, 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.11.004 Wright, 2013, Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam, Front Neurol, 4, 192, 10.3389/fneur.2013.00192 Tomić, 2015, The effects of levetiracetam, sumatriptan, and caffeine in a rat model of trigeminal pain: interactions in 2-component combinations, Anesth Analg, 120, 1385, 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000640 Li, 2018, High-field MRS study of GABA+ in patients with migraine: response to levetiracetam treatment, Neuroreport, 29, 1007, 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001067 Brighina, 2006, Levetiracetam in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura: a 6-month open-label study, Clin Neuropharmacol, 29, 338, 10.1097/01.WNF.0000236766.08409.03 Pakalnis, 2007, Levetiracetam prophylaxis in pediatric migraine--an open-label study, Headache, 47, 427, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00728.x Pizza, 2011, Elderly patients with migraine: an open-label study on prophylaxis therapy with levetiracetam, Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem, 11, 31, 10.2174/187152411794961086 Rapoport, 2005, Levetiracetam in the preventive treatment of transformed migraine: a prospective, open-label, pilot study, Curr Ther Res Clin Exp, 66, 212, 10.1016/j.curtheres.2005.06.006 Watkins, 2018, Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam for migraine prophylaxis: a systematic review, J Clin Pharm Ther, 43, 467, 10.1111/jcpt.12715 de Tommaso, 2008, Effects of topiramate and levetiracetam vs placebo on habituation of contingent negative variation in migraine patients, Neurosci Lett, 442, 81, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.076 Sadeghian, 2015, Comparison of Levetiracetam and sodium Valproate in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized placebo-controlled study, Ann Indian Acad Neurol, 18, 45 Sterne, 2019, RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials, BMJ (Clin Res Ed), 366, l4898 Liberati, 2009, The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration, J Clin Epidemiol, 62, e1, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 Hozo, 2005, Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample, BMC Med Res Methodol, 5, 13, 10.1186/1471-2288-5-13 Higgins, 2011, The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials, BMJ (Clin Res Ed), 343, d5928, 10.1136/bmj.d5928 DerSimonian, 1986, Meta-analysis in clinical trials, Contr Clin Trials, 7, 177, 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 Gowers, 1907 Nye, 2015, Migraine and epilepsy: review of the literature, Headache, 55, 359, 10.1111/head.12536 He, 2017, Unveiling the relative efficacy, safety and tolerability of prophylactic medications for migraine: pairwise and network-meta analysis, J Headache Pain, 18, 26, 10.1186/s10194-017-0720-7 Kashipazha, 2017, Levetiracetam in compare to sodium valproate for prophylaxis in chronic migraine headache: a randomized double-blind clinical trial, Curr Clin Pharmacol, 12, 55, 10.2174/1574884712666170329094419 Lewis, 2005, The placebo responder rate in children and adolescents, Headache, 45, 232, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05050.x Faria, 2014, Harnessing the placebo effect in pediatric migraine clinic, J Pediatr, 165, 659, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.040 Vgontzas, 2018, Episodic migraine with and without aura: key differences and implications for pathophysiology, management, and assessing risks, Curr Pain Headache Rep, 22, 78, 10.1007/s11916-018-0735-z