Effects of spacing and embellishment on memory for the main points of a text

Lynne M. Reder1, John R. Anderson1
1Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, 15213, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Crothers, E. J. Memory structure and the recall of discourse. In R. O. Freedle & J. B. Carroll (Eds.),Language comprehension and the acquisition of knowledge. Washington, D.C: Winston, 1972.

Florinsky, M. P. Russia: A short history. London: Macmillan, 1969.

Frase.,L. T. Learning from prose material: Length of passage, knowledge of results, and position of questions.Journal of Educational Psychology, 1967,58, 266–272.

Frase, L. T. Questions as aids to reading: Some research and theory.American Educational Research Journal, 1968,5, 319–332.

Frase, L. T. Effect of incentive variables and type of adjunct questions.Journal of Educational Psychology, 1971,62, 371–375.

Frase L. T. Maintenance and control in the acquisition of knowledge from written materials. In R. O. Freedle & J. B. Carroll (Eds.),Language comprehension and the acquisition of knowledge. Washington, D.C: Winston, 1972.

Frase, L. T. Prose processing. In G. H. Bower (Ed.),The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 9). New York: Academic Press, 1975.

Frederiksen, C. H. Representing logical and semantic structure of knowledge acquired from discourse.Cognitive Psychology, 1975,7, 371–458.

Gartman, L. M., &Johnson, N. F. Massed versus distributed repetition of homographs: A test of the differential-encoding hypotheses.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1972,11, 801–808.

Glenberg, A. M. Monotonic and nonmonotonic lag effects in paired-associate and recognition memory paradigms.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1976,15, 1–16.

Hance, W. A. The geography of modern Africa. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.

Hintzman, D. L. Apparent frequency as a function of frequency and the spacing of repetitions.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1969,80, 139–145.

Kintsch, W. The representation of meaning in memory. Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum, 1974.

Kintsch, W., &van Dijk, T. A. Comment on se rappelle et on resume des histoires.Languages, 1975,40, 98–116.

Madigan, S. A. Intraserial repetition and coding processes in free recall.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1969,8, 828–835.

Mandler, J. M., &Johnson, N. S. Remembrance of things parsed: Story structure and recall.Cognitive Psychology, 1977,9, 111–151.

Melton, A. W. The situation with respect to the spacing of repetitions and memory.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1970,9, 596–605.

Meyer, B. J. F. The organization of prose and its effect on recall. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1975.

Reder, L. M., &Anderson, J. R. A comparison of texts and their summaries: Memorial consequences.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1980,19, 121–134.

Rhode, R. B., &McCall, F. H. Introduction to photography. New York: Macmillan, 1971.

Ross, B. H., &Landauer, T. K. Memory for at least one of two items: Test and failure of several theories of spacing effects.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1978,17, 669–680.

Rothkopf, E. Z. Learning from written instructive materials: An exploration of the control of inspection behavior by test-like events.American Educational Research Journal, 1966,3, 241–249.

Rothkopf, E. Z. Structural text features and the control of processes in learning from written materials. In R. O. Freedle & J. B. Carroll (Eds.),Language comprehension and the acquisition of knowledge. Washington, D.C: Winston, 1972.

Rothkopf, E. Z., &Bisbicos, E. Selective facilitative effects of interspersed questions on language from written material.Journal of Educational Psychology, 1967,58, 56–61.

Rumelhart, D. E. Notes on a schema for stories. In D. G. Bobrow & A. M. Collins (Eds.),Representation and understanding. New York: Academic Press, 1975.

Southwick, C. H. Ecology and the quality of our environment. New York: Von Nostrand Reinhold, 1972.

Stein, N. L., &Glenn, C. G. Analysis of story comprehension in elementary school children. In R. Freedle (Ed.),Multidisciplinary perspectives in discourse comprehension. Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum, 1977.

Thordyke, P. Cognitive structures in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse.Cognitive Psychology, 1977,9, 77–110.

Watts, G. H., &Anderson, R. C. Effects of three types of inserted questions on learning from prose.Journal of Educational Psychology, 1971,62, 387–394.