Effects of medially wedged insoles on the biomechanics of the lower limbs of runners with excessive foot pronation and foot varus alignment

Hespanhol Junior, 2013, Previous injuries and some training characteristics predict running-related injuries in recreational runners: a prospective cohort study, J. Physiother., 59, 263, 10.1016/S1836-9553(13)70203-0 Neal, 2014, Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Foot Ankle Res., 7, 1, 10.1186/s13047-014-0055-4 Malisoux, 2016, Injury risk in runners using standard or motion control shoes: a randomised controlled trial with participant and assessor blinding, Br. J. Sports Med., 50, 481, 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095031 Nielsen, 2014, Excessive progression in weekly running distance and risk of running-related injuries: an association which varies according to type of injury, J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther., 44, 739, 10.2519/jospt.2014.5164 McClay, 1998, A comparison of three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics during running between excessive pronators and normals, Clin. Biomech., 13, 195, 10.1016/S0268-0033(97)00029-6 Tateuchi, 2011, Effects of calcaneal eversion on three-dimensional kinematics of the hip, pelvis and thorax in unilateral weight bearing, Hum. Mov. Sci., 30, 566, 10.1016/j.humov.2010.11.011 Becker, 2017, Biomechanical factors associated with Achilles tendinopathy and medial tibial stress syndrome in runners, Am. J. Sports Med., 45, 2614, 10.1177/0363546517708193 Tweed, 2008, Biomechanical risk factors in the development of medial tibial stress syndrome in distance runners, J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc., 98, 436, 10.7547/0980436 Grau, 2008, What are causes and treatment strategies for patellar-tendinopathy in female runners?, J. Biomech., 41, 2042, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.03.005 Resende, 2015, Increased unilateral foot pronation affects lower limbs and pelvic biomechanics during walking, Gait Posture, 41, 395, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.10.025 Monaghan, 2014, Forefoot angle at initial contact determines the amplitude of forefoot and rearfoot eversion during running, Clin. Biomech., 29, 936, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.06.011 Almonroeder, 2016, The influence of a prefabricated foot orthosis on lower extremity mechanics during running in individuals with varying dynamic foot motion, J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther., 46, 749, 10.2519/jospt.2016.6253 Eslami, 2009, Effect of foot orthoses on magnitude and timing of rearfoot and tibial motions, ground reaction force and knee moment during running, J. Sci. Med. Sport, 12, 679, 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.05.001 MacLean, 2006, Influence of a custom foot orthotic intervention on lower extremity dynamics in healthy runners, Clin. Biomech., 21, 623, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.01.005 MacLean, 2008, Short- and long-term influences of a custom foot orthotic intervention on lower extremity dynamics, Clin. J. Sport Med., 18, 338 Mündermann, 2003, Foot orthotics affect lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during running, Clin. Biomech., 18, 254, 10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00186-9 Nawoczenski, 1995, The effect of foot orthotics on three-dimensional kinematics of the leg and rearfoot during running, J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther., 21, 317, 10.2519/jospt.1995.21.6.317 Williams, 2003, Effect of inverted orthoses on lower-extremity mechanics in runners, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 35, 2060, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000098988.17182.8A Snyder, 2008, Resistance training is accompanied by increases in hip strength and changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running, Clin. Biomech., 24, 26, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2008.09.009 Faul, 2007, G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences, Behav. Res. Methods, 39, 175, 10.3758/BF03193146 Mendonça, 2013, A quick and reliable procedure for assessing foot alignment in athletes, J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc., 103, 405, 10.7547/1030405 Gogia, 2013, Validity and reliability of leg length measurements, J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther., 8, 185, 10.2519/jospt.1986.8.4.185 Woerman, 1984, Leg length discrepancy assessment: accuracy and precision in five clinical methods of evaluation, J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther., 5, 230, 10.2519/jospt.1984.5.5.230 Pipkin, 2016, Reliability of a qualitative video analysis for running, J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther., 46, 556, 10.2519/jospt.2016.6280 Sinclair, 2012, The test-retest reliability of anatomical co-ordinate axes definition for the quantification of lower extremity kinematics during running, J. Hum. Kinet., 35, 15, 10.2478/v10078-012-0075-8 Grood, 1983, A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee, J. Biomech. Eng., 105, 136, 10.1115/1.3138397 Kadaba, 1990, Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking, J. Orthop. Res., 8, 383, 10.1002/jor.1100080310 Chau, 2001, A review of analytical techniques for gait data. Part 2: neural network and wavelet methods, Gait Posture, 13, 102, 10.1016/S0966-6362(00)00095-3 Deluzio, 2014, Analysis of biomechanical waveform data, 317 Magalhães, 2013, Increased hip internal abduction moment and reduced speed are the gait strategies used by women with knee osteoarthritis, J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., 23, 1243, 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.05.013 Resende, 2016, Ipsilateral and contralateral foot pronation affect lower limb and trunk biomechanics of individuals with knee osteoarthritis during gait, Clin. Biomech., 34, 30, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.03.005 Deluzio, 2007, Biomechanical features of gait waveform data associated with knee osteoarthritis. An application of principal component analysis, Gait Posture, 25, 86, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.01.007 Resende, 2016, Biomechanical strategies implemented to compensate for mild leg length discrepancy during gait, Gait Posture, 46, 147, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.03.012 Resende, 2015, Increased unilateral foot pronation affects lower limbs and pelvic biomechanics during walking, Gait Posture, 41, 395, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.10.025 Field, 2013 Brandon, 2013, Interpreting principal components in biomechanics: representative extremes and single component reconstruction, J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., 23, 1304, 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.09.010 Novacheck, 1998, The biomechanics of running, Gait Posture, 7, 77, 10.1016/S0966-6362(97)00038-6 Hintermann, 1998, Pronation in runners, Sport. Med., 26, 169, 10.2165/00007256-199826030-00003 Mündermann, 2006, Foot orthoses affect frequency components of muscle activity in the lower extremity, Gait Posture, 23, 295, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.03.004 Lenhart, 2014, Hip muscle loads during running at various step rates, J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther., 44, 766, 10.2519/jospt.2014.5575 Gomes, 2019, Foot pronation during walking is associated to the mechanical resistance of the midfoot joint complex, Gait Posture, 70, 20, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.027 Neumann, 2010 Hreljac, 2000, Evaluation of lower extremity overuse injury potential in runners, Med. Sci. Sport Exerc., 32, 1635, 10.1097/00005768-200009000-00018 Luz, 2018, Relationship between rearfoot, tibia and femur kinematics in runners with and without patellofemoral pain, Gait Posture, 61, 416, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.02.008 Ferber, 2009, Competitive female runners with a history of iliotibial band syndrome demonstrate atypical hip and knee kinematics, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 40, 52, 10.2519/jospt.2010.3028 Dierks, 2011, Lower extremity kinematics in runners with patellofemoral pain during a prolonged run, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 43, 693, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f744f5 Ryan, 2009, Passive properties of the muscle-tendon unit: the influence of muscle cross-sectional area, Muscle Nerve, 39, 227, 10.1002/mus.21218 Reinking, 2016, Medial tibial stress syndrome in active individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors, Sports Health, 9, 252, 10.1177/1941738116673299 Davis, 2019, Longitudinal evidence links joint level mechanics and muscle activation patterns to 3-year medial joint space narrowing, Clin. Biomech., 61, 233, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.12.016 Eng, 1994, The effect of soft foot orthotics on three-dimensional lower-limb kinematics during walking and running, Phys. Ther., 74, 836, 10.1093/ptj/74.9.836 Kosonen, 2017, Effects of medially posted insoles on foot and lower limb mechanics across walking and running in overpronating men, J. Biomech., 54, 58, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.01.041 Kido, 2014, Effect of therapeutic insoles on the medial longitudinal arch in patients with flatfoot deformity: a three-dimensional loading computed tomography study, Clin. Biomech., 29, 1095, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.10.005 Fiorentino, 2017, Soft tissue artifact causes significant errors in the calculation of joint angles and range of motion at the hip, Gait Posture, 55, 184, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.03.033