Effects of maturity stage, temperature and photoperiod on growth and nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.)

Allen, 1988, Evaluating constraints on fiber digestion by ruminant microbes, J. Nutr., 118, 261, 10.1093/jn/118.2.261 Andersen, 1980, The effect of daylength and night illumination on the growth, composition, morphology and overwintering of some grass species, Forskn. Fors. Landbr., 31, 417 Asher, 1978, Natural and synthetic culture media for spermatophytes, vol 3, 575 Bakken, 1992, Effect of daylength on the nitrogen status of yimothy (Phleum pratense L.), Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B, Soil Plant Sci., 42, 62 Bélanger, 1997, Leaf and stem nutritive value of timothy cultivars differing in maturity, Can. J. Plant Sci., 77, 237, 10.4141/P96-082 Buxton, 1994, Plant environment and quality, 155 Cherney, 1993, In vitro digestion kinetics and quality of perennial grasses as influenced by forage maturity, J. Dairy Sci., 76, 790, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77402-0 Deinum, 1984, Chemical composition and nutritive value of herbage in relation to climate Deinum, 1981, Quality of herbage at different latitudes, Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 29, 141 Dirven, 1977, The effect of temperature on the digestibility of grasses. An analysis, Forage Res., 3, 1 Ellis, 1999, Dietary-digestive-metabolic interactions determining the nutritive potential of ruminant diets, 423 Fales, 1986, Effects of temperature on fiber concentration, composition, and in vitro digestion kinetics of tall fescue, Agron J., 78, 963, 10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800060006x Foss, 1968, Growth rhythm of timothy varieties, Res. Norwegian Agr., 19, 487 Fystro, 2006, Analyser av grovfôrkvalitet på NIRS. Plantemøtet Østlandet 2006, Bioforsk FOKUS, 1, 180 Hay, 1986, Influence of long photoperiods on the growth of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) varieties from different latitudes in northern Europe, Grass Forage Sci., 41, 311, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1986.tb01820.x Hay, 1984, The response of high-latitude norwegian grass cultivars to long photoperiods and cool temperatures, 46 Heide, 1985, Specific daylength effects on leaf growth and dry-matter production in high-latitude grasses, Annals of Botany, 55, 579, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086932 Huhtanen, 2006, Digestion and passage of fibre in ruminants, 87 Landström, 1990, Influence of soil frost and air temperature on spring growth of timothy in northern Sweden, Swedish J. Agric. Res., 20, 147 Madsen, 1995, The AAT/PBV protein evaluation system for ruminants. A revision, Norw. J. Agric. Sci., Suppl. 19, 1 Mowat, 1965, The in vitro digestibility and protein content of leaf and stem portions of forages, Can. J. Plant Sci., 45, 321, 10.4141/cjps65-065 Nelson, 1994, Plant factors affecting forage quality, 115 Nordheim, 2007, Prediction of in situ degradation characteristics of neutral detergent fibre (aNDF) in temperate grasses and red clover using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 139, 92, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.11.024 Nordheim-Viken, 2008, Effect of maturity stage, nitrogen fertilization and seasonal variation on ruminal degradation characteristics of neutral detergent fibre in timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 149, 30, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.04.015 Pella, 1978, Simultaneous CHN and S micro determination by combustion and gas chromatography, Micro Chem. Acta, 271, 10.1007/BF01201732 Pestalozzi, M., Øyen, J., 1987. Beskrivelse av sorter innen; Eng- og beitegras, Engbelgvekster, Grønnforvekster, Rotvekster. Statens planteavlsråd, Ås, Norway. 80 pp. [In Norwegian]. Rinne, 1997, Grass maturity effects on cattle fed silage-based diets. 2. Cell wall digestibility, digestion and passage kinetics, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 67, 19, 10.1016/S0377-8401(96)01142-X Rinne, 2002, Digestive processes of dairy cows fed silages harvested at four stages of grass maturity, J. Anim. Sci., 80, 1986, 10.2527/2002.8071986x Rüegg, 1977, Influence of temperature on the phenological development, dry matter distribution, total nonstructural carbohydrates and crude protein of Festuca pratensis Huds, Angew. Botanik, 51, 167 SAS Inc. 2000. SAS®. User's guide, version 8.2. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA. Sniffen, 1992, A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability, J. Anim. Sci., 70, 10.2527/1992.70113562x Smith, 1972, Relationships of forage compositions with rates of cell wall digestion and indigestibility of cell walls, J. Dairy Sci., 55, 1140, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(72)85636-4 Solhaug, 1991, Effects of photoperiod and temperature on sugars and fructans in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and stems, and roots in relation to growth of Poa pratensis, Physiologial plantarum, 82, 171, 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb00077.x Solhaug, 1991, Influence of photoperiod and temperature on dry matter production and chlorophyll content in temperate grasses, Norw. J. Agric. Sci., 5, 365 Terry, 1964, The digestibility of the leaves and stems of perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, timothy, tall fescue, lucerne and sainfoin, as measured by an in vitro procedure, J. Br. Grassl. Soc., 19, 363, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01188.x Thorvaldsson, 1987, The effects of weather on nutritional value of timothy in Northern Sweden, Acta Agric. Scand., 37, 305, 10.1080/00015128709436561 Thorvaldsson, 1988, The morphological and phonological development of timothy as affected by weather, and its relation to nutritional value, Acta Agric. Scand., 38, 33, 10.1080/00015128809436586 Thorvaldsson, 1992, The effects of temperature on digestibility of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), tested in growth chambers, Grass Forage Sci., 47, 306, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02275.x Thorvaldsson, 1992, The effect of temperature on growth, development and nitrogen in shoots and roots in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) tested in growth chambers, Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B. Soil Plant Sci., 42, 158 Thorvaldsson, 1988, Effects of weather on nutritional value and phonological development of timothy, Swedish J. agric. Res., 18, 51 Traxler, 1998, Predicting forage indigestible NDF from lignin concentration, J. Anim. Sci., 76, 1469, 10.2527/1998.7651469x Van Soest, 1994 Van Soest, 1967, Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. IV. Determination of plant cell wall constituents, J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem., 50, 50 Van Soest, 1991, Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition, J. Dairy Sci., 74, 3583, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 Waldo, 1972, Model of cellulose disappearance from the rumen, J. Dairy Sci., 55, 125, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(72)85442-0 Wilson, 1997, Structural and chemical changes of cell wall types during stem development: consequences for fibre degradation by rumen microflora, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 48, 165, 10.1071/A96051