Effects of malachite green (MG) and its major metabolite, leucomalachite green (LMG), in two human cell lines

Alderman, 1985, Malachite green: a review, Journal of Fish Disease, 8, 289, 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1985.tb00945.x

Alderman, 1993, Malachite green: a pharmacokinetic study in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), Journal of Fish Disease, 16, 297, 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1993.tb00864.x

Bergmeyer, 1963, Lactic dehydrogenase, 736

Borenfreund, 1985, Toxicity determined in vitro by morphological alterations and neutral red absorption, Toxicology Letters, 24, 119, 10.1016/0378-4274(85)90046-3

Cha, 2001, Biotransformation of malachite green by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 4358, 10.1128/AEM.67.9.4358-4360.2001

Culp, 1996, Malachite green: a toxicological review, Journal of the American College of Toxicologists, 15, 219, 10.3109/10915819609008715

Culp, 1999, Toxicity and metabolism of malachite green and leucomalachite green during short-term feeding to Fisher 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 122, 153, 10.1016/S0009-2797(99)00119-2

Culp, 2002, Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in relation to DNA adduct formation in rats fed leucomalachite green, Mutation Research, 506/507, 55, 10.1016/S0027-5107(02)00152-5

De Angelis, 1994, Established cell lines for safety assessment of food contaminants: differing furazolidone toxicity to V79, HEp-2 and Caco-2 cells, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 32, 481, 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90046-9

De Angelis, 1999, Metabolism of furazolidone: alternative pathways and modes of toxicity in different cell lines, Xenobiotica, 29, 1157, 10.1080/004982599238029

Fernandes, 1991, Enhancing effects of malachite green on the development of hepatic preneoplastic lesions induced by N-nitroso diethylamine in rats, Carcinogenesis, 12, 839, 10.1093/carcin/12.5.839

Fessard, 1999, Mutagenicity of malachite green and leucomalachite green in in vitro tests, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 19, 421, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199911/12)19:6<421::AID-JAT595>3.0.CO;2-6

Fogh, 1977, Absence of HeLa cell contamination in 169 cell lines derived from human tumours, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 58, 209, 10.1093/jnci/58.2.209

Glanville, 1997, Inhibition of human glutathione S-transferases by basic triphenylmethane dyes, Life Sciences, 60, 1535, 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00119-7

Henderson, 1997, Reduction of malachite green to leucomalachite green by intestinal bacteria, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 4099, 10.1128/AEM.63.10.4099-4101.1997

Littlefield, 1985, Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of gentian violet in mice, Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 5, 902, 10.1016/0272-0590(85)90172-1

Lowry, 1951, Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6

Meyer, 1983, Teratological and other effects of malachite green on the development of rainbow trout and rabbits, Transactions of the American Fish Society, 112, 818, 10.1577/1548-8659(1983)112<818:TAOEOM>2.0.CO;2

Mittelstaedt, 2004, Genotoxicity of malachite green and leucomalachite green in female Big Blue B6C3F1 mice, Mutation Research, 561, 127, 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.04.003

Moore, 1955, Culture characteristics of four permanent human cancer cell lines, Cancer Research, 15, 598

Oteri, 1998, Evaluation of the use of two human cell lines for okadaic acid and DTX-1 determination by cytotoxicity assays and damage characterization, Natural Toxins, 6, 197, 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199809/10)6:5<197::AID-NT21>3.0.CO;2-N

Panandiker, 1992, The cytotoxic properties of malachite green are associated with the increased demethylase, aryl hydrocarbon carboxylase and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of Syrian hamster embryo cells, Cancer Letters, 67, 93, 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90131-E

Panandiker, 1994, Dose–response effects of malachite green on free radical formation, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in Syrian hamster embryo cells and their modulation by antioxidants, Carcinogenesis, 15, 2445, 10.1093/carcin/15.11.2445

Poe, 1983, Absorption of malachite green by channel catfish, Progress in Fish Culturing, 45, 228, 10.1577/1548-8659(1983)45[228:AOMGBC]2.0.CO;2

Rao, 1995, Inhibition of DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocyte cultures by malachite green: a new liver tumor promoter, Toxicology Letters, 81, 107, 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03413-7

Schnick, 1988, The impetus to register new therapeutants for aquaculture, Progress in Fish Culture, 50, 190, 10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050<0190:TITRNT>2.3.CO;2

Srivastava, 2004, Toxicological effects of malachite green, Aquatic Toxicology, 66, 319, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.09.008

Trivedi, 1990, Toxicity of dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent in bioassay system with HeLa cells evaluated colorimetrically with 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, Agricultural Biological Chemistry, 54, 2961, 10.1271/bbb1961.54.2961

Zahn, 1995, Cytotoxic effects of sublethal concentrations of malachite green in isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Toxicology in Vitro, 9, 729, 10.1016/0887-2333(95)00056-E