Effects of a whole diet approach on metabolic flexibility, insulin sensitivity and postprandial glucose responses in overweight and obese adults – A randomized controlled trial

Huber, 2011, How should we define health?, BMJ, 343, d4163, 10.1136/bmj.d4163 Storlien, 2004, Metabolic flexibility, Proc Nutr Soc, 63, 363, 10.1079/PNS2004349 Goodpaster, 2017, Metabolic flexibility in health and disease, Cell Metabol, 25, 1027, 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.015 Galgani, 2008, Metabolic flexibility and insulin resistance, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 295, E1009, 10.1152/ajpendo.90558.2008 Kelley, 1990, Hyperglycemia Normalizes insulin-stimulated skeletal-muscle glucose-oxidation and storage in noninsulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus, J Clin Investig, 86, 1999, 10.1172/JCI114935 Kelley, 1993, Interaction between glucose and free fatty-acid metabolism in human skeletal-muscle, J Clin Investig, 92, 91, 10.1172/JCI116603 Zurlo, 1990, Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as predictor of weight-gain - study of 24-H Rq, Am J Physiol, 259, E650 Kelley, 1999, Skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in association with insulin resistance, obesity, and weight loss, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 277, E1130, 10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.6.E1130 Sparks, 2009, Relation of adipose tissue to metabolic flexibility, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 83, 32, 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.09.052 Malin, 2013, Insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility following exercise training among different obese insulin-resistant phenotypes, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 305, E1292, 10.1152/ajpendo.00441.2013 Huffman, 2012, Caloric restriction alters the metabolic response to a mixed-meal: results from a randomized, controlled trial, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0028190 Malin, 2018, A whole-grain diet reduces peripheral insulin resistance and improves glucose kinetics in obese adults: a randomized-controlled trial, Metabolism, 82, 111, 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.011 Corpeleijn, 2009, Metabolic flexibility in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: effects of lifestyle, Obes Rev, 10, 178, 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00544.x Kardinaal, 2015, Quantifying phenotypic flexibility as the response to a high-fat challenge test in different states of metabolic health, FASEB J, 29, 4600, 10.1096/fj.14-269852 Mursu, 2014, Intake of fruit, berries, and vegetables and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish men: the kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study, Am J Clin Nutr, 99, 328, 10.3945/ajcn.113.069641 Mollard, 2012, Regular consumption of pulses for 8 weeks reduces metabolic syndrome risk factors in overweight and obese adults, Br J Nutr, 108, S111, 10.1017/S0007114512000712 Jenkins, 2012, Effect of legumes as part of a low glycemic index diet on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial, Arch Intern Med, 172, 1653, 10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.70 Silva, 2013, Fiber intake and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Nutr Rev, 71, 790, 10.1111/nure.12076 Viguiliouk, 2014, Effect of tree nuts on glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled dietary trials, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0103376 Summers, 2002, Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves insulin sensitivity, Diabetologia, 45, 369, 10.1007/s00125-001-0768-3 Mirrahimi, 2014, The role of glycemic index and glycemic load in cardiovascular disease and its risk factors: a review of the recent literature, Curr Atheroscler Rep, 16, 381, 10.1007/s11883-013-0381-1 Li, 2015, Saturated fats compared with unsaturated fats and sources of carbohydrates in relation to risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 66, 1538, 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.055 van Rossum, 2016 Harris, 1918, A biometric study of human basal metabolism, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 4, 370, 10.1073/pnas.4.12.370 Human Energy Requirements, 2001 DeFronzo, 1979, Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance, Am J Physiol, 237, E214 Paquette, 2017, Strawberry and cranberry polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant, non-diabetic adults: a parallel, double-blind, controlled and randomised clinical trial, Br J Nutr, 117, 519, 10.1017/S0007114517000393 Peronnet, 1991, Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient - an update, Can J Sport Sci, 16, 23 Wopereis, 2017, Multi-parameter comparison of a standardized mixed meal tolerance test in healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects: the PhenFlex challenge, Genes Nutr, 12, 21, 10.1186/s12263-017-0570-6 Manders, 2010, Low-intensity exercise reduces the prevalence of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, Med Sci Sport Exerc, 42, 219, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b3b16d McDonnell, 2005, A novel approach to continuous glucose analysis utilizing glycemic variation, Diabetes Technol Ther, 7, 253, 10.1089/dia.2005.7.253 Atkin, 2012, Methods of measurement in epidemiology: sedentary behaviour, Int J Epidemiol, 41, 1460, 10.1093/ije/dys118 Westerterp, 1995, The Maastricht protocol for the measurement of body composition and energy expenditure with labeled water, Obes Res, 3, 49, 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00007.x Mihaleva, 2014, Automated quantum mechanical total line shape fitting model for quantitative NMR-based profiling of human serum metabolites, Anal Bioanal Chem, 406, 3091, 10.1007/s00216-014-7752-5 van Herpen, 2011, Three weeks on a high-fat diet increases intrahepatic lipid accumulation and decreases metabolic flexibility in healthy overweight men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96, E691, 10.1210/jc.2010-2243 Goodpaster, 2003, Enhanced fat oxidation through physical activity is associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity in obesity, Diabetes, 52, 2191, 10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2191 Solomon, 2013, A low-glycemic diet lifestyle intervention improves fat utilization during exercise in older obese humans, Obesity, 21, 2272, 10.1002/oby.20411 Kahlhofer, 2014, Carbohydrate intake and glycemic index affect substrate oxidation during a controlled weight cycle in healthy men, Eur J Clin Nutr, 68, 1060, 10.1038/ejcn.2014.132 Schadewaldt, 2013, Indirect calorimetry in humans: a postcalorimetric evaluation procedure for correction of metabolic monitor variability, Am J Clin Nutr, 97, 763, 10.3945/ajcn.112.035014 den Besten, 2013, The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism, J Lipid Res, 54, 2325, 10.1194/jlr.R036012 Gall, 2010, alpha-hydroxybutyrate is an early biomarker of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in a nondiabetic population, PLoS One, 5, 10.1371/journal.pone.0010883 Puchalska, 2017, Multi-dimensional roles of ketone bodies in fuel metabolism, signaling, and therapeutics, Cell Metabol, 25, 262, 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.022 Sacks, 2014, Effects of high vs low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate on cardiovascular disease risk factors and insulin sensitivity: the OmniCarb randomized clinical trial, J Am Med Assoc, 312, 2531, 10.1001/jama.2014.16658 Ajala, 2013, Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes, Am J Clin Nutr, 97, 505, 10.3945/ajcn.112.042457 Kim, 2017, Benefits of nut consumption on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors: multiple potential mechanisms of actions, Nutrients, 9, E1271, 10.3390/nu9111271 Tam, 2012, Defining insulin resistance from hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, Diabetes Care, 35, 1605, 10.2337/dc11-2339