Effects of Rain Gauge Temporal Resolution on the Specification of a Z–R Relationship

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology - Tập 26 Số 7 - Trang 1302-1314 - 2009
Punpim Puttaraksa Mapiam1, Nutchanart Sriwongsitanon1, Siriluk Chumchean2, Ashish Sharma3
1Department of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
2Department of Civil Engineering, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
3School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Tóm tắt

Abstract The weather radar is an efficient alternative for measuring spatially varying rainfall covering a large area at a high temporal resolution. This paper studies the impact of rainfall gauge temporal resolution on optimal relationships between radar reflectivity (Z) and rainfall rate (R). Four datasets of radar reflectivity and corresponding rain gauge rainfall data from Sydney and Brisbane, Australia, and one dataset from Bangkok, Thailand, were used in the analysis. Climatological Z–R relationships were calibrated using rainfall aggregated over 1–24 h to investigate the evidence of temporal scaling in the Z–R calibrated parameters. This analysis points to an increase in the multiplicative term (the A parameter) of the Z–R relationship as temporal resolutions become finer. This pattern is repeated in all the datasets analyzed. Thereafter, a simple scaling hypothesis was proposed to develop transformations that could scale the A parameter in the Z–R relation across a range of temporal resolutions. This scaling relationship was found to be suitable, with the scaling exponent attaining values close to 0.055 across all the datasets analyzed. The proposed relationship has a significant role in radar rainfall estimation studies, especially in regions where subdaily gauge rainfall measurements are not readily available to ascertain optimal Z–R parameters.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Atlas, 1964, Advances in radar meteorology., 10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60009-6

Austin, 1987, Relation between measured radar reflectivity and surface rainfall., Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1053, 10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<1053:RBMRRA>2.0.CO;2

Battan, 1973, Radar Observation of the Atmosphere.

Burrows, 1949, Radio Wave Propagation.

Chumchean, 2003, Radar rainfall error variance and its impact on radar rainfall calibration., J. Phys. Chem. Earth, 28, 27, 10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00005-6

Chumchean, 2004, Application of scaling in radar reflectivity for correcting range-dependent bias in climatological radar rainfall estimates., J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 1545, 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<1545:AOSIRR>2.0.CO;2

Chumchean, 2006, Correcting of real-time radar rainfall bias using a Kalman filtering approach., J. Hydrol., 317, 123, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.05.013

Chumchean, 2006, An integrated approach to error correction for real-time radar-rainfall estimation., J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 67, 10.1175/JTECH1832.1

Chumchean, 2008, An operational approach for classifying storms in real-time radar rainfall estimates., J. Hydrol., 363, 1, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.09.005

Collier, 1996, Applications of Weather Radar Systems: A Guide to Uses of Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology.

Collinge, 1987, Weather Radar and Flood Forecasting.

Doelling, 1998, Systematic variations of Z-R relationships from drop size distributions measured in northern Germany during seven years., Atmos. Res., 47–48, 635, 10.1016/S0169-8095(98)00043-X

Doviak, 1992, Doppler Radar and Weather Observation.

Fabry, 1994, High resolution rainfall measurements by radar for very small basins: The sampling problem reexamined., J. Hydrol., 116, 415, 10.1016/0022-1694(94)90138-4

Fulton, 1998, The WSD-88D rainfall algorithm., Wea. Forecasting, 13, 377, 10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0377:TWRA>2.0.CO;2

Gupta, 1990, Multiscaling properties of spatial rainfall and river flow distribution., J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1999, 10.1029/JD095iD03p01999

Hagen, 2003, Relations between radar reflectivity, liquid-water content, and rainfall rate during the MAP SOP., Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 477, 10.1256/qj.02.23

Hildebrand, 1978, Iterative correction for attenuation of 5 cm radar in rain., J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 508, 10.1175/1520-0450(1978)017<0508:ICFAOC>2.0.CO;2

Hitchfeld, 1954, Errors inherent in the radar measurement of rainfall at attenuating wavelengths., J. Meteor., 11, 58, 10.1175/1520-0469(1954)011<0058:EIITRM>2.0.CO;2

Joss, 1970, A method to improve the accuracy of radar measured amounts of precipitation.

Klazura, 1981, Differences between some radar-rainfall estimation procedures in a high rain rate gradient storm., J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 1376, 10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<1376:DBSRRE>2.0.CO;2

Krajewski, 2002, Radar hydrology: Rainfall estimation., Adv. Water Resour., 25, 1387, 10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00062-3

Mandelbrot, 1982, The Fractal Geometry of Nature.

Mapiam, 2008, Climatological Z-R relationship for radar rainfall estimation in the upper Ping river basin., ScienceAsia, 34, 215, 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2008.34.215

Marshall, 1948, The distribution of raindrops with size., J. Meteor., 5, 165, 10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2

Menabde, 1999, A simple scaling model for extreme rainfall., Water Resour. Res., 35, 335, 10.1029/1998WR900012

Rinehart, 1991, Radar for Meteorologists.

Russo, 2005, Rainfall monitoring systems over an urban area: The city of Rome., Hydrol. Processes, 19, 1007, 10.1002/hyp.5642

Seed, 1996, The impact of radar and raingauge sampling errors when calibrating a weather radar., Meteor. Appl., 3, 43, 10.1002/met.5060030105

Seed, 2002, On the calibration of Australian weather radars.

Sivakumar, 2007, A cascade approach to continuous rainfall generation at point locations., Stochastic Environ. Res. Risk Assess., 22, 451, 10.1007/s00477-007-0145-y

Smith, 1993, A modeling study of rainfall rate–reflectivity relationships., Water Resour. Res., 29, 2505, 10.1029/93WR00962

Smith, 1975, Derivation of an R–Z relationship by computer optimization and its use in measuring daily areal rainfall.

Steiner, 2000, Reflectivity, rain rate, and kinetic energy flux relationships based on raindrop spectra., J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1923, 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<1923:RRRAKE>2.0.CO;2

Steiner, 1995, Climatological characterization of three-dimensional storm structure from operational radar and rain gauge data., J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1978, 10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<1978:CCOTDS>2.0.CO;2

Steiner, 1999, Effect of bias adjustment and rain gauge data quality control on radar rainfall estimation., Water Resour. Res., 35, 2487, 10.1029/1999WR900142

Sun, 2000, Flood estimation using radar and raingauge data., J. Hydrol., 239, 4, 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00350-4

Uijlenhoet, 2001, Raindrop size distributions and radar reflectivity-rain rate relationships for radar hydrology., Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 615, 10.5194/hess-5-615-2001

Ulbrich, 1983, Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution., J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1764, 10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:NVITAF>2.0.CO;2

Vieux, 2003, Combined use of radar and gauge measurements for flood forecasting using a physics-based distributed hydrologic model.

Wilson, 1979, Radar measurement of rainfall—A summary., Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 60, 1048, 10.1175/1520-0477(1979)060<1048:RMORS>2.0.CO;2

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

Tập 26 Số 7

1302-1314

Thông tin tác giả