Effects of Near‐Surface Hydraulic Gradients on Nitrate and Phosphorus Losses in Surface Runoff

Journal of Environmental Quality - Tập 33 Số 6 - Trang 2174-2182 - 2004
Fenli Zheng1, Chi‐hua Huang2, L. D. Norton2
1State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, Northwestern Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry; 26 Xinong Road Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China
2USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, 275 South Russell Street; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907-2077

Tóm tắt

ABSTRACTPhosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) in runoff from agricultural fields are key components of nonpoint‐source pollution and can accelerate eutrophication of surface waters. A laboratory study was designed to evaluate effects of near‐surface hydraulic gradients on P and N losses in surface runoff from soil pans at 5% slope under simulated rainfall. Experimental treatments included three rates of fertilizer input (control [no fertilizer input], low [40 kg P ha−1, 100 kg N ha−1], and high [80 kg P ha−1, 200 kg N ha−1]) and four near‐surface hydraulic gradients (free drainage [FD], saturation [Sa], artesian seepage without rain [Sp], and artesian seepage with rain [Sp + R]). Simulated rainfall of 50 mm h−1 was applied for 90 min. The results showed that near‐surface hydraulic gradients have dramatic effects on NO3–N and PO4–P losses and runoff water quality. Under the low fertilizer treatment, the average concentrations in surface runoff from FD, Sa, Sp, and Sp + R were 0.08, 2.20, 529.5, and 71.8 mg L−1 for NO3–N and 0.11, 0.54, 0.91, and 0.72 mg L−1 for PO4–P, respectively. Similar trends were observed for the concentrations of NO3–N and PO4–P under the high fertilizer treatment. The total NO3–N loss under the FD treatment was only 0.01% of the applied nitrogen, while under the Sp and Sp + R treatments, the total NO3–N loss was 11 to 16% of the applied nitrogen. These results show that artesian seepage could make a significant contribution to water quality problems.

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Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Environmental Quality

Tập 33 Số 6

2174-2182

Thông tin tác giả